How to solder metal using borax. Borax – replacing harmful chemicals with natural cleaning products

Borax Sodium tetraborate - Na2B4O7, transparent colorless or grayish crystals with greasy shine, dissolve in water. Na2B4O7 is a weak salt boric acid and a strong base, a combination of boron often found in nature, accommodates several crystalline hydrates. In nature, it is a chemical sediment in the form of a crystal of drying boron-bearing salt lakes.

Borax in the household

Borax against fleas

Sprinkle borax anywhere your dog sleeps or anywhere you think there might be fleas.

Borax releases boric acid, which is a poison, but a person or animal needs a very large dose to be ingested.

Late in the evening, pour 1 cup of borax into the toilet and leave it overnight. In the morning, just wipe the toilet with a brush. After all, during the night, borax dissolved difficult-to-remove stains, including rust. This will clean not only the toilet but also the brush.

This method is used where it is necessary to remove it, but where there is no need to fear that the paint will peel off.

Mix borax and water to a paste and apply to the surface damaged by fungus. Leave for 10-12 hours or a day.

Sweep away the dried powder on the walls, and wash off the remaining powder with water.

From mold in the bathroom and garden furniture

Take dishwashing detergent (mixed soda with mustard) 1 teaspoon

1 teaspoon borax

1 liter of water, warm

Pour all this into a spray bottle, fill it with water, close the lid, shake. Spray onto moldy areas and let it dry. Rinse off with clean water.

Multifunctional surface cleaner

2 teaspoons borax

1/5 teaspoon baking soda

1/5 liquid soap

2 glasses of hot water (glass 250 g)

Use a container on which you can use a spray bottle, pour soap, soda, borax into it, pour hot water. Close the lid and shake (not too much, because the water is hot), use as you would a regular surface cleaner.

If the surface cannot be cleaned the first time, apply the product and wait a few minutes. Afterwards, wipe. Before using the product, wear gloves and shake the bottle each time.

This product does not have an expiration date, please label the bottle.

and colored clothes

Before washing colored laundry, pour half a cup of borax into the compartment (along with washing powder), the laundry will wash better and the color will become brighter.

For soaking towels and heavily soiled laundry

For 4 - 5 liters of water, 1 tablespoon of borax. Soak for 30 minutes.

Wash the floors

1/3 part borax and 1 teaspoon of any natural remedy for washing dishes on the floor - buckets warm water.

Remove urine odor and stains from clothes and carpet

Lightly moisten urine stains on the carpet or mattress with water, sprinkle with borax, wait until dry. Then clean with a brush or vacuum cleaner.

Before washing, pour half a cup of borax into the powder compartment (for a machine with a 4.5 kg load, the machine is fully loaded), this will get rid of the smell and urine stains on clothes and bedding.

Remove odor from the refrigerator

For 1 liter of warm water, 1 tablespoon of borax, wash the refrigerator with this solution.

Remove insects

Sprinkle borax around the refrigerator and stove to prevent cockroaches

Mix honey (or sugar) with borax to get rid of ants.

Bring out the mice

Borax (sodium borate) - crystals, melting point of borax - t pl = 60.8°C.

In nature, it is a mineral of the borate class, a chemical precipitate of drying boron-bearing salt lakes.

Borax crystals are transparent, colorless or grayish, have a greasy sheen, soluble in water (1 part in 14 parts of water); taste - sweetish-alkaline.

Chemical composition - Na 2 B 4 O 7 +10H 2 O corresponds to 16% sodium, 37% boric acid and 47% water.

Bura in large quantities deposited along the edges of Tibetan self-sedimented salt lakes, from where it was first introduced into Europe, under the local name tinkala.

Among other deposits, some small lakes in California should also be mentioned, especially the shallow lake " Cleare", in the silt of which large borax crystals are found.

Other deposits: Kashmir, Nevada desert, etc.

Borax is a raw material for the production of boric acid and other boron compounds, a component of fluxes for welding metals, a charge in the production of glazes, enamels, glass, detergents, electrolytes in metallurgy, an insecticide, an antiseptic, a preservative for leather processing, etc.

5 Easy Ways to Use Borax

1. Toilet bowl cleaner

Pour 1 cup of borax into the toilet and leave overnight. The next morning, scrub the toilet with a brush. Overnight, the borax will dissolve all stubborn deposits.

Borax also copes well with rust deposits.

2. Fight against fleas

Sprinkle borax in areas where dogs usually sleep (bedding, carpets) and generally anywhere you suspect fleas are nesting.

Borax releases boric acid, which is a poison (very large doses of this substance must be ingested in order to harm an animal or person).

3. Mold control

This method is good to use in places where you need to remove mold and mildew, but where you don't have to worry about paint peeling off.

Make a paste of borax and water (quite thick). Spread it on the moldy surface. Leave overnight or longer.

Sweep away the dried powder and rinse off the rest with water.

4. Repelling mice

Sprinkle borax on the floor along the walls.

5. Universal detergent.

Mix 2 teaspoons of borax with 2 cups of water. Pour into a spray bottle.

Shake before use.

BORA(sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na 2 B 4 O 7 10 H 2 O) - large colorless crystals, soluble in water, which in dry air erode from the surface and melt at 61 ° C, at 320–380 ° C they lose crystallization water. Anhydrous sodium tetraborate is a colorless crystalline substance with a density of 2.367 g/cm3, melts at 741 ° C without decomposition. Sodium tetraborate becomes thermally unstable only at 1575° C. The solubility coefficient (in g per 100 g of water) is 2.5 (at 20° C) and 24.3 (at 80° C).

In nature, borax is found mainly in water and bottom sediments of some lakes. Such lakes are not uncommon in India and Tibet; natural borax from those places is the mineral tincal. IN medieval times The borax mined here was loaded into sacks made of elephant skins and taken to Venice, where it was purified from impurities by crystallization from an aqueous solution. The methods for obtaining borax were kept in the strictest confidence; even European alchemists did not know them.

Nevertheless, alchemists distinguished borax from soda, although exactly how they did this is unknown: after all, both substances are similar in that they give an alkaline environment when dissolved in water and therefore displace ammonia from ammonium chloride.

The alkaline reaction of sodium tetraborate solution is due to the fact that in aqueous

solution, a hydrolysis reaction occurs with the formation of boric acid B(OH) 3 in the solution:

Na 2 B 4 O 7 = 2Na + + B 4 O 7 2– ;

B 4 O 7 2– + 7H 2 O 2OH – + 4B(OH) 3,

and the release of ammonia upon interaction with NH4Cl corresponds to the equation:

Na 2 B 4 O 7 + 2NH 4 Cl + H 2 O = 2NH 3 + 2NaCl + 4B(OH) 3 Ї

Although in the 16th–17th centuries. chemists had no idea about the exact composition of the substances they obtained and used, and their properties were judged by the most primitive signs, such as a taste test; they sometimes managed to make remarkable discoveries. Thus, the Dutch alchemist Wilhelm Gomberg, by heating borax with sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4, isolated boric acid B(OH) 3.

The following reaction occurred:

Na 2 B 4 O 7 10H 2 O + H 2 SO 4 = B(OH) 3 Ї + Na 2 SO 4 + 5H 2 O

And in 1751, Henri Duhamel de Monceau established that borax, like soda, contains the element “sodium”... One can only guess how exactly three thousand years BC people came across borax. Perhaps a Hindu pilgrim, while relaxing on the shore of a lake, threw a piece of an unknown object into the fire white matter and noticed that the flame became green, and the substance melted and became like glass... The priests of Ancient Egypt were also familiar with these features of borax, who knew how to make the flame of lamps green. Later, they probably discovered that borax, like soda, helps wash dirt off clothes (there was no soap yet). Gradually, people learned to use borax for tanning leather, in the production of glass and glazes, and finally, as a medicine - an antiseptic for rinsing the throat. The first mention of a storm in Russia was found in 1709 in a receipt and expenditure book Order of Ore Affairs. In the files of Peter I, a note was found about the need to obtain borax from Russian natural sources, of which there were many. However, the borax is still for a long time imported to Russia from Venice and England.

Currently, borax is used very widely: it is an antiseptic and preservative, a mordant (pre-impregnation) for dyeing fabrics, a raw material for the production of boric acid, herbicides, corrosion inhibitors (inhibitors), detergents (water softener). In addition, borax serves as one of the components of the charge (initial mixture of substances) when producing glazes, glass and ceramics.

Every jewelry maker is used to dealing with borax - it is an indispensable component of fluxes when welding and soldering precious metals (gold and silver).

Lyudmila Alikberova

Card game, river in the Novosibirsk region, 3 villages, an ancient city and a small nation of Nigeria. It's all borax. However, the word has another meaning. This is what the mineral is called.

By chemical formula he is a borate. The stone turned brown because of its color. white. The name of the crystals is translated in the same way. The concept is taken from the Persian language. What does it mean for humanity, further.

What is borax

Borax is a substance that is soluble in water. It takes 14 parts to 1 part sodium borate. The mineral can also be found in nature in this form. It is dissolved in water bodies and is also found in bottom sediments. These abound in the salt lakes of India and Tibet. In Asian countries the stone is not called brown, and tinkal.

The substance melts already at 60 degrees. If you bring the temperature to 320 degrees Celsius, the moisture contained in it evaporates. The result is an anhydrous powder. To melt it, you need 741 degrees.

Borax crystals can be almost transparent or grayish, but always have a characteristic bold color. The stone seems to be oiled. It tastes not greasy, but rather sweet. Geologists may give the mineral a little lick to make sure it is identified correctly.

Production and use of borax

In the Middle Ages, borax was obtained in. The raw materials were mined in the very lakes of India, but purified on the lands of Italy. Crystals were brought here from the eastern country in bags made of skins.

In Venice, the mineral was crystallized from an aqueous solution, freeing it from impurities. The substance is still produced in this way, but on a global scale.

The scale of borax production is wide due to the same scope of application of the substance. It can be found in pharmacies. Doctors have long recognized sodium borate as an antiseptic. The main form of release is borax in glycerin. In particular, it is prescribed for fungal skin diseases.

There is also jewelry borax. It is used as a soldering compound. When fastening metal parts, it is necessary to clean their surface, otherwise the connection will not be strong. Surface treatment is carried out using brown powder. It is ideal when working with, and.

In glass production it is also necessary borax. Buy The product is intended to act both as a flux and as a binding component of fiberglass. Without sodium borate, the final product is brittle and of poor quality. Borax significantly increases resistance to mechanical and chemical influences.

E-285 is a food preservative. Under digital code the same borax is hidden. In Russia and European countries, the use of the additive is prohibited. The toxicity of the substance is minimal, but sodium borate is not excreted from the body.

The preservative accumulates and the toxic effect on the body increases. Previously, E-285 was used everywhere to preserve margarines, oils, and caviar. The additive is still allowed, but only in third world countries.

Borax enters the charge. This is the initial mixture of components for the production of glazes. Therefore, the substance is contained in the coatings of dishes and ceramic tiles. IN household chemicals there is also borax. Price detergents includes the cost of a water softener, which is sodium borate.

In its pure form, the mineral is used on the farm for cleaning plumbing fixtures. It is brought to shine with ground mineral. They also sprinkle it on the furs so that they are not eaten by moths. Yes, and the powder helps against fleas.

In textile production, borax is used to etch fabrics. The concept is not related to poisoning; it only means surface treatment before painting.

Borate allows dyes to be distributed evenly and reliably fixed in fabric fibers. If the material sheds a lot when washed, it was probably not etched with borax.

Of course, the substance is also used in the production of boric acid. But there is also a reverse cycle, when borax is obtained from boric acid and. This process was first carried out by Enouville, a French chemist. The experiment was carried out in 1748.

Is borax harmful to human health?

As already said in the example food additives, sodium borate is toxic. But the harmful effect is so minimal that in small doses it does not have a negative effect.

As Hippocrates said: “everything is medicine, and everything is poison.” Only the doses are important. So, in medicine it is allowed even for pregnant women borax.

Sodium tetraborate (Sodium borate, Borax, Sodium borate, Disodium tetraborate)– a salt of a weak boric acid and a strong base.

Physicochemical characteristics.

The term “Borax” is used in relation to several related substances: it can exist in anhydrous form, most often found in the form of pentahydrate or decahydrate crystalline hydrate.

Chemical formula:

Anhydrous borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 . Density 2.37 g/cm3. Melting point 741°C. Decomposition temperature 1575 °C. Appearance: colorless crystalline pieces that become cloudy when stored in air as a result of moisture absorption;
Burnt borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 × H 2 O. Stable when heated to 200°C. When heated above 200°C, it loses water of crystallization, turning into anhydrous borax. Complete dehydration occurs at 400÷450°C;
Pentahydrate (jewelry borax) Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 5H 2 O. When heated, it loses water of crystallization, turning into burnt borax Na 2 B 4 O 7 × H 2 O. Decomposition occurs at temperatures above 75 ° C. ;
Decahydrate (technical borax) Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O. Appearance colorless monoclinic crystals. Density 1.69 ÷1.72 g/cm3. Decomposition temperature 60°C. Decomposition occurs with the loss of water of crystallization, accompanied by swelling and transition to a glassy mass.

In water, borax hydrolyzes, it water solution has an alkaline reaction. With oxides of many metals, when heated, it forms colored compounds - borates.

Application.

Technical borax is used in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, glass production, in the production of glazed ceramics, lubricants, glue, detergents and disinfectants, fertilizers, and laboratory analysis.

Dietary sodium tetraborate is often used to treat candidiasis. In addition, it perfectly removes the mycelium of the fungus from mucous membranes, and also prevents the process of reproduction and attachment of the fungus to the mucous membranes. Borax is used to a limited extent as a preservative in food production.

Application of sodium tetraborate in metallurgy.

In metallurgy, borax is used as a flux, as well as in the compositions of facing forms, repair mastics and enamels.

The use of borax when melting metals as a protective cover.

To prevent saturation of the metal with gases when melting aluminum bronzes, it is necessary to use protective covers. A protective coating of borax is used for melting aluminum bronzes in crucible melts, flame melts and melts in electric furnaces.

Borax is also used in the production of castings of nickel and its alloys to avoid gas porosity defects. Such melts are produced under a thick layer of flux. One of the flux options is borax.

Using borax to eliminate casting defects.

Borax is used as part of a mastic to eliminate defective castings with shrinkage or gas porosity, which leak during hydraulic tests. This applies to parts: dishes, radiators, elements of pressure vessels, etc.

Mastic composition: powdered fireclay 44%, borax 6%, graphite 11%, ground iron filings 22%, manganese peroxide 11%, sodium chloride 6%.

To prepare mastic, the powder is diluted in water to a thick paste. The sink (defective area) is cleaned and filled with mastic (pressing firmly into the sink). Excess mastic is removed and allowed to dry. Every other day, rub the dried mastic with a piece of pumice or coke so that the repair area is invisible.

The use of borax for lining permanent forms.

In foundry technology, permanent (reusable) molds are common. Typically, the material for permanent molds is gray cast iron, and the casting materials can be: steel, aluminum and magnesium alloys, etc. The following requirements are imposed on permanent molds: maximum durability, minimum cost, satisfactory accuracy.

The durability of a cast iron permanent mold depends on the thermal conditions of the mold and its lining (refractory coating). Burnt (fused, water-free) borax has proven itself well as a fire-resistant lining for molds. The refractory lining consists of 100% burnt borax heated above its melting point. The lining is applied to the mold with a spray gun (sometimes with a brush). The mold is heated to 200-250°C.

The use of borax in the manufacture of bronze bearings.

Borax is used in the manufacture of plain bearings (liners) from lead bronze by casting. Borax decahydrate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O) is a flux for melting bronze and protects cast bearings from oxidation.

The mold for the manufacture of bearings can be: sheet iron, press molds made of graphite powder or ground remains of graphite electrodes.

For metal forms, flux is obtained by melting borax. Borax mixed with an equal amount of water is applied to the surface of the mold with a soft brush. The flux layer after drying should be 0.3-0.5 mm thick.

For graphite forms, flux is obtained by melting at a temperature of 900°C a mixture of the following composition: borax 9%, boric acid 85%, silicic acid 6%. After cooling, the mixture is crushed to a white powder. The resulting powder is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:2.

The use of borax in the production of wear-resistant cast iron.

To produce cast iron with increased wear resistance, alloying with boron-containing flux - borax - is used. Boron cast iron is used to make sandblasting nozzles, oil pump liners, plungers and oil pump housings, dies for drawing and stamping, gauges, rollers of special profiles, roller crusher housings and chutes, bushings and other wear-resistant parts.

Wear-resistant cast iron alloyed with brown is called white boron cast iron. The addition of borax to gray cast iron in an amount of more than 0.25% (boron) produces a strong bleaching effect on gray cast iron.

To impart viscosity to the metal, nickel is introduced simultaneously with borax. The structure of boron-nickel cast iron is martensite + cementite.

The influence of boron and nickel on the properties of cast iron

Boron cast iron significantly exceeds the wear resistance of many materials. For example, wear of sandblasting nozzles is characterized by the following data on average weight loss, g/hour: gray cast iron - 43.3; boron cast iron - 3.6.

The use of borax for metal enameling.

Metal enameling is carried out to protect it from corrosion, as well as for decorative purposes (art and jewelry enameling). Ferrous metals (cast iron, steel, iron), non-ferrous metals (copper, bronze, brass, etc.), noble metals (gold, platinum, silver) are enamelled.

Enamel is a glassy alloy frozen on the surface of the metal in the form of a thin film.

From a physicochemical point of view, enamel is a mutual solution of various components that are in a nonequilibrium state. Enamels can be transparent or opaque, colored or colorless.

Depending on their role, enamels can be ground or cover.

Ground enamels used for preliminary coating of the surface of enameled products in order to form an intermediate layer between the metal and the layer of top enamel. Primer enamel is necessary to compensate for mechanical and thermal stresses that arise between the metal and the layer of top enamel.

Cover enamels used to hide ugly appearance and surface defects of the product. Cover enamels can be applied wet (wet enamel) or dry (powder or dry enamel).

Bath enamel.

Powder enamel is widely used to cover cast iron bathtubs. The melting point of powder enamel usually does not exceed 800°C. Such enamel should melt to the metal at a temperature of its dark red heat.

The enamel is acid-resistant.

Acid-resistant enamels are used to coat cast iron chemical equipment in order to protect it from the action of water and acids.

Use of borax for boriding steel.

Boriding of steel parts is used in mechanical engineering to increase strength and wear resistance. The properties of parts are improved by creating a diffusion layer formed by boron.

The process is carried out in a bath of molten borax for 5-8 hours. Borax is the electrolyte, the steel part is the cathode, and the carbon electrode is the anode. The direct current density at the anode is 0.1-0.2 A/cm 2 . Parts with surface hardness up to H V =1250 are obtained.

Using borax for metal soldering.

Borax is used as a flux for hard soldering of metals. In some cases, borax is an independent flux, in others, borax is a component of the flux.

Fluxes are necessary, since solder dissolves the solid base metal quite well only when its surface is completely clean. Flux dissolves oxides and improves the strength of the solder joint.

For fluxes, borax decahydrate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 × 10H 2 O) is used. When heated, it loses water and turns into anhydrous borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7). To improve the properties of borax (viscosity, increase in melting point), boric acid is added to borax. To reduce the operating temperature of the flux (for working with soft solders or metal alloys with low melting points), zinc chloride or potassium fluoride is added to borax.

Stainless steel is soldered with a paste-like flux consisting of a mixture of borax and boric acid (in equal quantities) mixed with a saturated solution of zinc chloride.

Soldering gray and ductile iron requires burning off carbon. To do this, add additives in the form of iron oxide, manganese peroxide, and potassium chlorate.

Liquid and paste-like fluxes are applied to the soldering area with a brush or by dipping. Powdered fluxes are often blown away by the torch flame, so a rod containing solder is heated above the melting point of the flux and the heated rod is dipped into the flux powder.

Technology of hot soldering of gray cast iron parts.

Hot soldering involves preliminary general heating of parts with an external heat source. Hot gas soldering is used for parts with complex configurations.

Advantages of hot soldering: good strength, density and machinability of the connection. Almost homogeneous composition of the base and deposited metal.

Disadvantages of hot soldering: high labor intensity of the process, high cost, likelihood of parts deforming when heated.

Before soldering, the parts undergo preparation: cutting out defective areas to healthy metal, cutting edges and cleaning the welded surfaces. Then the parts are heated in furnaces or furnaces to a temperature of 400-700°C. Heated parts are installed in horizontal position. Cast iron rods with a diameter of 6-12 mm and a length of up to 400 mm are used as filler metal. The silicon content in the rods is 3.5-4.0%. It is allowed to use another filler metal - brass wire with a diameter of 3-8 mm with a zinc content of 37-40%.

Gas soldering is performed with acetylene torches. For cast iron, at high acetylene consumption, the soldered area and nearby areas are preheated with a burner, and the molten metal must remain in the flame zone all the time. For brass, the welded area is pre-tinned (covered thin layer brass), and then the seam is filled.

Borax is an ingredient in wood glue. The disadvantage of this glue is its low water resistance.

Glue setting time is 24 hours. Casein is poured with water and after 20 minutes heated to 40°C, then borax is added and stirred (intermittently) for 40 minutes.

Borax is included in glazes that are applied to ceramics and then fired.

The main components of glazes are quartz, clay, feldspar, potash, boric acid, chalk, soda, borax, barium carbonate. Prepare the glaze in the form of an aqueous suspension by mixing and grinding all components. Saltpeter, borax, soda and potash are first fused - fritted.

A glaze suitable for any shard is obtained by fusing the following mixture (in parts by weight): potassium nitrate - 30; borax - 114.5; boric acid - 49.5; marble - 40; kaolin - 207.2; quartz sand - 228. The components are placed in a refractory crucible and placed in a muffle furnace. The readiness of the alloy is determined using a long metal rod with a curved end: it is lowered into the crucible and quickly removed. If a glassy thread without knots follows it, it means the alloy is ready; remove the crucible with tongs and pour its contents into a metal vessel with cold water, where the mass crumbles into small pieces, which are then ground.

Use of borax in agriculture.

Borax decahydrate and Borax pentahydrate are the most widely used borates as fertilizers. Sodium borates can be applied directly into the soil or can be applied by spraying onto plants due to their good solubility.

Boron is one of the most important microelements necessary for the growth and development of healthy plants. In small concentrations, boron compounds are used as trace elements in fertilizers; in higher concentrations they are used as herbicides, algaecides and other pesticides. The role of boron in plants: 1. Important for maintaining the balance of sugar and starch, participates in the transfer of sugar and hydrocarbons from leaves to other organs. 2. Ensures the formation of flowers, pollen, pollination, and seed productivity. 3. Necessary for normal cell division, nitrogen metabolism and protein formation. Boron is an essential element for plant growth, yield and seed development, and promotes the transfer of water and nutrients in plants. Although plants require very little boron, their growth and yield can be seriously affected by a lack of boron in the soil.

One way to use borates as a fertilizer is to apply them in solid form directly to the soil, where they dissolve in moist conditions and are absorbed by plant roots. It is also possible to spray the leaves, since some plants absorb better through the leaves and this method is the best for fertilizing. The amount of boron applied to the soil as a fertilizer varies depending on the plant variety, method of application, rainfall, and the content of lime and organic material in the soil.

Use against cockroaches, rodents, fleas and mold.

Powdered sugar, flour and borax in equal proportions and in dry form are mixed. Scatter in places where cockroaches often appear;

Mix borax, flour and Bell pepper and also sprinkle in places where cockroaches are observed;

Finely ground rosin, powdered sugar and borax are mixed and sprinkled for three days where cockroaches appear;

IN hot water dissolve borax and moisten pieces of bread with this solution. For several days in a row, place bait in places where cockroaches appear and the next day the poisoned cockroaches and bait are destroyed.

Borax-based baits against rodents: mix borax, powdered sugar and finely ground rosin. Sprinkle the mixture near holes caused by rodents.

Sprinkle borax on the floor along the walls (repels mice).

Sprinkle borax in places where dogs usually sleep (bedding, carpets) and generally anywhere where you suspect fleas are nesting. Borax releases boric acid, which is a poison (very large doses of this substance must be ingested in order to harm an animal or person).

In those places where you need to remove mold and mildew, but where you don’t have to worry about paint peeling off. Make a paste of borax and water (quite thick). Spread it on the moldy surface. Leave overnight or longer. Sweep away the dried powder and rinse off the rest with water.

Mix equal parts lemon juice and borax. This mixture can be applied with a cloth directly to the rust or poured into a spray bottle and sprayed directly onto the corrosion.

To remove rust from small metal objects, immerse the product in a container with borax and lemon juice until the rust disappears (approximately 30 minutes).

Using borax as a detergent.

To clean your toilet: Pour 1 cup of borax into the toilet and let sit overnight. The next morning, scrub the toilet with a brush. Overnight, the borax will dissolve all stubborn deposits. Borax also copes well with rust deposits.

As an all-purpose dishwashing detergent and laundry detergent: Mix 2 teaspoons borax with 2 cups water. Pour into a spray bottle. Shake well before use. The product can be used directly in dishwashers.

Sodium tetraborate has limited use as a food preservative. It is used for preserving non-mass consumption products - various types of caviar. This is due to the danger of this preservative to human health. Sodium tetraborate is quickly absorbed and then slowly excreted from the body, and when re-entered, it accumulates in organs and tissues, mainly in the brain and nerve tissue, reducing tissue oxygen consumption, ammonia synthesis and adrenaline oxidation.

Borax (sodium tetraborate) is used for preserving sturgeon caviar at a concentration of up to 6000 mg/kg and caviar salmon fish at concentrations up to 3000 mg/kg of product.

Receipt.

Technical borax (sodium tetraborate decahydrate) is obtained by neutralizing boric acid with sodium carbonate.