How much does tumor necrosis factor cost? Tumor necrosis factor: drugs

Tumor necrosis factor is a specific protein that can inhibit the development of tumor cells by acting on it with a cytotoxin. He is able to destroy cancer cells, causing their necrosis, hence its name. In this case, the protein does not affect healthy cells. In addition, TNF serves as a marker serious illnesses because it is virtually absent in the blood of healthy people. The presence of TNF in the blood and urine indicates potential oncology, severe rheumatic or asthmatic lesions. Analysis for TNF requires some preparation, it is carried out in medical centers with a developed instrumental and methodological base. Pharmacists offers a large number of TNF drugs, both original and generic.

cytokines, typical representative TNF is a class of proteins synthesized by the immune system of the human body in response to various threats to immunity. The name of the class of cytokines was given in the course of laboratory studies.

In addition to fighting cancer-affected tissues, cytokines also perform the function of general control of the immune response.

Monophage cells and peripheral blood granulocytes are also capable of generating useful protein.

TNF synthesis is triggered by viral structures, bacteria and substances formed as a result of their activity.

Other proteins of the cytokine class that create immune agents can also stimulate the synthesis:

• interleukin;
• interferon;
• stimulating the formation of colonies.

TNF affects such processes as:

• Cytotoxicosis. It causes hemorrhagic death of oncological cells, destroying also cells with embedded viral structures.
• Immunomodulation. Enhances the action of immune agents, accelerating the generation of other anti-inflammatory substances.
• Facilitate the entry of lymphocytes from bone marrow in circulatory system and their transportation to the inflammatory focus.

The effect of TNF on these processes is determined by its concentration. In small doses, the protein is active mainly at the site of synthesis, fighting inflammation and attacks on the immune system. With an increase in concentration, a massive activation of the synthesis of cytokines throughout the body begins. This can cause his immune response to get out of control.

Tumor necrosis factor may also cause complications in a number of critical situations, such as:

• general sepsis
• endocrine crises.

Another manifestation of TNF activity is participation in the immune response during transplantation of organs and tissue structures. An increase in its concentration is a marker of the onset of rejection.

Elevated levels of TNF may also indicate exacerbations of rheumatic conditions, arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases and mycological lesions.

Therefore, when the patient's condition worsens, doctors of many specialties prescribe an analysis to determine the level of tumor necrosis factor.

At healthy person TNF should not be determined; its presence in the blood or urine indicates a particular stage of the disease. Based on the results of the analysis, you should definitely visit the attending physician again - only by the combination of the level of TNF and other symptoms can a conclusion be made about the diagnosis and condition.

TNF in oncology

A series of laboratory studies on rodents made it possible to determine the correlation between the level of TNF and the stage of development of oncological processes. This fact was later confirmed clinical research. With an increase in the level, the death of cancer cells proceeds faster. TNF activates specific receptors that identify an infected cell. They prevent its reproduction and cause death. In a similar way, tumor necrosis factor also affects cells suffering from viruses, fungi, and malignant microorganisms. Healthy body cells in the neighborhood are not identified by TNF as a target and are not affected. In addition to suppressing the tumor itself, the protein is a strong immunomodulator, activates the body's defense resources and facilitates the transport of leukocytes that provide immune protection from the bone marrow to the central and peripheral circulatory systems.

An additional advantage of the use of tumor necrosis factor in oncology is that it effectively affects cancer cells that are resistant to chemical and radiological treatment.

In the case of the timely start of taking drugs containing TNF isolated from the blood of donors, the relief of the course of cancer of the breast and other organs is recorded.

Indications for passing the analysis

Measuring the level of TNF is a rather complicated study. Correct interpretation of its results is possible only in the general context of the state of the body, the main and concomitant diagnoses, the current immune status patient.

To do this, experts often prescribe, in parallel with the study of the level of TNF, the determination of the concentration of other cytokines. In some cases of septic infections and other complex infectious diseases an analysis with the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors is prescribed.

Testing for TNF levels is usually ordered by oncologists, rheumatologists, internists, and transplant specialists.

Determination of the level of TNF and its significance

To understand how serious the situation is, you should know the reference level, the increase threshold and track the dynamics of the level change. The determination is carried out by the level of specific antibodies to the tumor necrosis factor.

Norm

Normal value in medical practice level is considered< 8,1 пг/мл.

If traces of protein are not found during the study, this is also considered the norm.

Increased rates

An increase in the concentration of TNF occurs with severe blood infections, general and local infections. A sharp increase in the level of a specific protein indicates a possible septic shock, oncology, rejection of transplanted organs or tissues, serious lesions immune system

Decreasing values

During severe infections and conditions diagnosed with immunodeficiency, it is important to monitor the level of TNF. Its decline after the achieved high values may indicate a weakening or exhaustion of the ability of the immune system to protect the body.

The nuances of preparing for the analysis

In order for the study to be of high quality, experts have established a number of requirements for preparing the patient for its passage:

• not to use alcoholic drinks, narcotic and other stimulants during the day before the analysis;
• refrain from food and drink 12 hours before the study. Permissible to use clean water without gas;
• refrain from smoking at least half an hour before the examination;
• avoid physical and emotional stress the day before the analysis.

The examination itself is not painful or debilitating, it consists in taking a sample of venous blood.

Analysis prices

Prices for the procedure vary from clinic to clinic.

When comparing them, you should pay attention to the fact that in some medical institutions they indicate the full price of the entire examination, while in others they make a marketing ploy: the price does not include the cost of the procedure for taking a venous blood sample.

So, for example, in the Helix laboratory, the analysis will cost 1810 rubles, in another market leader medical research– clinics Invitroprice will be 1,815 rubles. plus for taking blood from a vein 199 rubles. The Litekh laboratory asks for 1590 rubles, also excluding the cost of sampling, from 170 rubles.

In any case, the medical institution must be licensed to conduct such studies.

TNF drugs in the fight against cancer

The beginning of the use of cytokines in treatment malignant tumors was established in the 1970s. Researchers from universities, leading clinics and pharmaceutical giants are constantly developing new and improving existing formulas of substances suitable for medicinal use. For already known drugs, significant progress has been made in reducing side effects and improved pharmacokinetics.

Commonly used cytokines are:

• interferon alpha;
• interleukin II;
• tumor necrosis factor alpha.

After development, testing and entering the market medical preparations developments such as

• TNF thymosin alpha 1;
• Interferon Gamma

the treatment of oncological tumors has risen to the next stage of development.

The human immune system is able to produce its own human tumor necrosis factor - a cytokine, it is isolated from donated blood and injected into the patient's body. Due to the high general toxicity of such drugs, they have had limited use. The affected organ had to be temporarily disconnected from the general blood flow and artificial blood circulation was started in it in order to protect healthy organs and tissues from toxic effects.

One of the progressive drugs is TNF-thymosin alfa, developed in Russia. Its toxicity has been reduced by 100 times compared to traditional cytokines. This made it possible to use it in the general circulation.

On the basis of a number of inventions and patents of the Clinic of Oncoimmunology and Cytokine Therapy, the drug REFNOT was developed, which became the basis of the domestic protocol for the treatment of tumors.

The low toxicity drug is safe for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, this causes it local action to a limited area of ​​​​the body in which malignant tumors are located.

INGARON works on the basis of gamma interferon. It is produced immune cells, its receptors recognize cells affected by cancer and stimulate the production of antibodies. In addition, by activating receptors on affected cells, it marks them for the subsequent action of REFNOT. Therefore, the joint appointment of these two drugs gives a significant and long-term effect.

Of course, the decision to assign such a combination should be made medical specialist based on examination data and general clinical picture.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-ᵅ) is a 157 amino acid protein. It is the first multifunctional TFN family cytokine whose properties have been identified for the treatment of cancer. His biological activity regulated by TNF-alpha soluble receptors 1 and 2.

The natural effect is directly expressed by the stimulation of the production of interleukin-1, which is capable of recognizing healthy and oncological structures at the cellular level. In this regard, tumor necrosis factor-alpha affects the cancer cell through its surface.

TNF-alpha in the body is mainly produced by active macrophages, T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells of the affected tissues. It plays a key role in apoptosis and cell reproduction.

However, the influence of this natural element is closely related to the toxicity of the substance. Therefore, more effective and less toxic variants of tumor necrosis factor are currently used, for example, such as Thymosin-alpha. Oncologists are also developing ways to directly deliver the necrosis factor to the tumor, without affecting other tissues and without being included in the general circulation.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cancer

To date, the influence of this element, as well as its antagonists and subsequent biological elements, on such forms of oncological lesions as:

Malignant tumors of the stomach and chest:

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha leads to the death of potentially cancerous cells.

Non-small cell lung cancer:

TNF-alpha protects the body from the effects of various pathogens, which prevents the onset of the disease.

Sarcoma and melanoma:

In these types of cancers, a particularly effective tumor necrosis factor-alpha is recombinant.

Cancer of the uterus and ovaries:

Also are sensitive to this element.

Due to its ability to destroy the blood supply of the tumor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha can also be used for clinical therapy of metastatic cancer.

Preparations

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha related to cytokines. They are able to prevent tumor activity not only by counteracting abnormal cells, but also by combining with the main cellular mechanisms. Therefore, when creating drugs, the following types of drugs are used, represented by TNF inhibitors:

1. Monoclonal antibodies ("Infliximab", adalimumab "Humira", rituximab, represented by the drug "Rituxan");
2. Recombinant proteins that include immunoglobulin domains and TNF receptors, in particular interferon-1 and 2 (etanercept "Enbrel", golimumab "Simponi").

Among the Russian drugs of the cytokine group, Refnot, Reaferon, Roferon, Intron and others stand out.

Price

The cost of drugs of the cytokinic group directly depends on the country of manufacture. Medicines of European and American origin will be much more expensive than Russian and Ukrainian ones.

However, this does not mean that domestic pharmaceuticals according to the specifics of the action will differ from imported ones. So, for example, let's put comparative prices on packages of the drug of the same capacity 100 yew. unit:

• preparations containing monoclonal antibodies (Russia): 1 bottle - from 1500 rubles. up to 2000 rubles; 5 bottles - from 10,000 rubles. up to 12,000 rubles;
• medicines with monoclonal antibodies (Ukraine): 1 bottle - from 500 UAH. up to 800 UAH; for 5 bottles the price is from 2000 UAH. up to 3500 UAH;
• recombinant: the cost in Russia for one bottle is from 2000 rubles. up to 3000 rub. In Ukraine, the price is higher: from 1000 UAH. up to 1800 UAH what is associated with the need for transportation;
• the price of imported products containing tumor necrosis factor-alpha per vial ranges from 1000 USD. up to 1300 USD

Where to buy tumor necrosis factor-alpha?

Preparations containing tumor necrosis factor-alpha can be purchased in almost all countries of the world. In domestic pharmacology, drugs of the cytokine group are sold in pharmacies in large cities. But in most cases, drugs are given to the patient only by prescription and pre-order.

Patients from the CIS countries can purchase a drug from a Russian manufacturer, since the price of imported drugs is many times higher.

One of the many proteins that trigger the process of tumor cell death is the human tumor necrosis factor (hereinafter TNF). It is actively produced when any pathology is present in the body - inflammation, autoimmunization, malignant formations.

It should be noted that modern scientific literature contains the designation of the term as TNF and TNF-alpha. The second is considered irrelevant, however, some authors cite it in their writings.

TNF is produced by blood cells - monocytes, microphages, lymphocytes, as well as vascular endothelium. Its maximum concentration is noted a couple of hours after the appearance of the antigen in the body. At the same time, healthy cells are not damaged.

A bit of history

In 1975, after the experimental introduction of BCG and endotoxin into the blood of a rodent, the tumor cell necrosis factor was determined for the first time. The following was revealed: the blood serum contained a substance that has a cytotoxic and cytostatic effect on a certain cell group. Thus fixed hemorrhagic necrosis tumors previously grafted onto rodents. That's where the name came from. The role of TNF is quite important not only in the presence of neoplasms. This factor necessary and healthy body. But it has not yet been fully explored.

Manifestations

How does TNF behave in the body?

• Participates in immune responses.
• Regulates inflammatory processes.
• Affects hematopoiesis.
• Has a cytotoxic effect.
• Shows cross-system effect.

When microbes, viruses, foreign proteins enter the body, this leads to the activation of immunity. Thanks to TNF, the number of T- and B-lymphocytes increases, and the movement of neutrophils to the focus of inflammation is created. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages "stick" to the vessel membrane in place inflammatory process. Increased vascular permeability in the area of ​​inflammation, and this is also the result of the work of TNF.

Tumor necrosis factor is found in urine, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, which indicates a cross-system effect. This protein regulates the endocrine and nervous system. The beta form of TNF has a local effect, and the immune system is activated systemically and metabolism is regulated, which occurs due to the presence of the alpha form.

Diagnostics

Laboratory diagnostics of the TNF level is rarely performed, but in certain types of diseases it is simply necessary. So, this analysis indicated if a person has:

1. Frequent and prolonged infectious and inflammatory processes.
2. Autoimmune diseases.
3. Malignant tumors.
4. Burns of various origins.
5. Injuries.
6. Collagenosis, rheumatoid arthritis.

When is TNF elevated?

The level of TNF in the blood above the norm occurs in such conditions:

• blood poisoning (sepsis);
• DIC syndrome;
• infections of various etiologies;
• allergic reactions;
• oncological processes;
• in case of rejection of the transplanted donor organ by the recipient.

In the presence of a disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, antibodies to human tumor necrosis factor alpha are determined in the urine, and also if there is a process of accumulation of fluid in the joint bag.

An increased number of cachectin is determined in the presence of the following diseases:

• pulmonary tuberculosis;
• hepatitis C;
• brain damage;
• impaired liver function under the influence of alcohol;
• multiple sclerosis;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• obesity;
• abscess of the pancreas.

Elevated serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha worsens the condition of a person with cardiovascular insufficiency and bronchial asthma.

Of great importance is the timely determination of cachectin in the blood of a pregnant woman, which helps to identify the pathology of fetal development, amniotic infection and the threat of preterm birth. Exceeding its norm may indicate the presence inflammatory disease in a pregnant woman, which is caused by a bacterial component.

A sudden, rapid spike in tumor necrosis factor in a blood test can be caused by bacterial endotoxin and result in septic shock.

Important for the preliminary percentage prediction of the rejection syndrome in organ transplantation to the recipient from a donor is the amount of TNF.

If the amount of antibodies to the tumor necrosis factor exceeds the norm, this leads to changes in hemodynamics: the strength of myocardial contractions is reduced, the vascular wall becomes permeable, the cells of the whole organism are exposed to cytotoxic effects.

A blocker that suppresses the effects of natural TNF interferes with optimal immune function.

This state of affairs leads to the following diseases: psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis etc.

Tumor necrosis factor is a hormone-like protein that is produced by protective cells of the body, affects the change in the composition of lipids, the coagulation of the functions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels.

The above factors cause cell death.

When is TNF reduced?

A reduced TNF in a blood test is noted in the presence of the following conditions:

• primary, secondary immunodeficiency (including AIDS);
• severe course of a viral infection;
• extensive burn, burn disease;
• severe injury;
• tumor of the stomach;
• the presence of aggravated atopic syndrome;
• therapy with cytostatics, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids.

Types of TNF and application in oncology

Currently, there are two categories of TNF:

1. TNF, or alpha - involves monocytes in the process of tumor regression, provoking the presence of septic shock. This same protein is being upgraded into a prohormone with a very long, atypical range of elements.
2. Beta is a cytokine, and interleukin slows down or stops its reaction.

The purposeful use of drugs that suppress the production of antibodies to the human tumor necrosis factor in oncological diagnoses made it possible to identify the following patterns:

• studies conducted on laboratory mice testified to the fact of a decrease in the numerical index of tumor cells or a slowdown in the existing oncological process due to necrosis of cancer tissue;
• the central role in maintaining the average constancy of immunity underlies the stimulation of its protective function;
• provokes the activity of apoptosis, angiogenesis, differentiation and migration of immune cells.

With a change in the parameters of the energy of the system, various TNF receptors come into action, which causes variable possibilities for the treatment of a malignant tumor.

Cancer therapy with tumor necrosis factor

Medicines that contain this substance are prescribed for targeted therapy. Them medicinal properties are:

• in combination with melphalan, TNF is widely used in the treatment of soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities;
• due to the increase in the amount of interleukin (1.8-1.6), a substance is formed that counteracts a specific tumor;
• used as an additional drug to provide a neutralizing effect, in connection with the complications that have arisen;
• a tumor necrosis factor antagonist is the optimal drug for patients with a history of non-melanoma oncological disease skin: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma.

Medicines

TNF analogs are actively used in oncology. Together with chemotherapy, they are effective in breast cancer and other tumors.

Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors have an anti-inflammatory effect. But with any infectious process, you should not immediately prescribe them, since the body itself must fight the disease.

A good result is shown:

• "Refnot".
• "Remizad".
• Enbrel.
• "Humira".
• "Certolizumab".
• "Golimumab".

"Azitropine" or "Mercaptopurine" is prescribed in the case of T-cell lymphoma.

"Refnot" is new Russian drug containing TNF and thymosin-alpha 1. It has low toxicity, while being effective almost as natural factor, has an immunostimulatory effect. A drug was developed in 1990. After passing all the tests, it was registered in 2009. Thus, with malignant neoplasms it is prescribed in complex therapy.

Patients with cancer diagnoses should be aware of the results of studies in which the negative effects of TNF have been reported. Often this happens if the dosage of the medicine was incorrectly calculated.

Then the tumor necrosis factor thymosin (o the main action of which is aimed at inducing the maturation of T-lymphocytes), enhances the manifestation of immune responses, reduces the formation of autoantibodies and is included in the mechanism of the development of cancer.

In this regard, the use of drugs in this category takes place only under the strict supervision of a specialist.

Price

A frequent question of patients - how much does this analysis cost? Laboratory research TNF costs from 800 to 3400 rubles ( average price- about 1700 rubles). Not all analyzes medical institutions. Abroad, the cost will be from 100 to 250 dollars. But these are only approximate figures, since a lot depends on the clinic itself and the range of its services.

With an optimistic attitude to recovery, any disease can be defeated! We have examined in detail the tumor necrosis factor, as far as its effect on cancer cells and the body as a whole has been studied.

Tumor necrosis factor is one of a number of protein components provoking the death of cancer cells. TNF itself is a multifunctional cytokine (a hormone-like protein element produced by defense cells) that acts on metabolic processes lipids, coagulation and functionality of endothelial cellular components that line vessels. These features can provoke cell death. Blockers that suppress the work of natural TNF interfere with the normal functioning of natural resistance.

Tumor necrosis factor in the elimination of oncology

These medicines belong to the target type of treatment. They have the following healing properties:

In combination with Melphalan, it is involved in the elimination of sarcoma lesions of the soft tissues of the arms and legs;
. due to an increase in the dose of interleukins 1.8 and 1.6, there is an effect on the formation of substances that prevent the progression of the oncocenter;
. used as an auxiliary medication in the neutralization of complications provoked by oncology;
. TNF antagonists - effective remedy for the treatment of people with non-melanoma skin lesions(eg, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell oncology, lymphoma).

Medicines

how medicine TNF is determined only in certain clinical experiences. Current oncology still does not have necessary list knowledge about these drugs. The optimal amount of the substance depends on the specific cancer situation.

General medicines are:
. Remicad;
. Humira;
. Certolizumab;
. Golimumab;
. Mercaptopurine (involved in T-cell lymphoma).

How much does the examination cost?

The validity of the use of tumor necrosis factor in the elimination of oncopathologies is determined individually using tests. The price of this procedure depends on the completeness of the examination, the authority and technical equipment of the honey. institutions, indicators of other diagnostic measures. Based on this, we can say that the price fluctuates around 2-8 thousand rubles. This cost necessarily includes enzyme immunoassay.

Indications for analysis

The collection of information on the state of natural resistance is carried out with frequent bacterial infections, prolonged inflammation, in the presence of pathologies of the autoimmune type. Also, the test is carried out in the presence of oncological lesions, connective tissue defects, chronic pulmonary pathologies.

Preparation for the examination

First of all, in the morning on an empty stomach, blood is donated for analysis (almost all liquids except water are prohibited before donation). The time interval between the last meal and the test should be at least 8 hours. Half an hour before taking a blood sample, even minimal physical activity. Blood is taken from a vein.

TNF Outcome Indicators

The norm is 0-8.21 pg / ml.

Excess:
. infectious pathologies type of hepatitis C;
. infectious endocarditis;
. autoimmune defects;
. allergic defects (for example, bronchial asthma);
. rheumatoid arthritis;
. myeloma pathology.

Downgrade:
. immune deficiency of a hereditary or acquired type;
. taking medications - corticosteroids, cytostatics;
. gastric oncology;
. pernicious anemia.

The most dangerous consequences

Modern medicine uses the tumor necrosis factor carefully, because. certain studies have proven that it is a fundamental element in the progression of sepsis and toxic shock. The presence of this protein component stimulated the activity of bacteria and viruses. It was also revealed that TNF is part of the process in which autoimmune pathologies(for example, rheumatoid arthritis), in which the natural resistance of a person takes the normal cells of the body for strangers and attacks them.

To minimize toxic effects, the following measures must be observed:
. apply the technique locally;
. combine with other medicines;
. work with proteins with minimal toxicity;
. use neutralizing antibodies during procedures.
. due to increased toxicity, use is always limited.

Reasons why necrosis factor does not destroy the tumor

Tumor formations are able to effectively resist immune protection organism. In addition, the tumor focus itself can produce TNF, provoking paraneoplastic syndromes. Also, the tumor is able to produce receptors for tumor necrosis factor. The so-called "cloud", consisting of these receptors, tightly surrounds the focus, protecting it from damage. It is also worth remembering that cytokines have a dual effect. In other words, they can both inhibit and stimulate tumor growth, so the regulatory authorities did not give the go-ahead for the mass use of the drug.

Each patient is faced with the fact that chemotherapy at stages 3 and 4 ceases to reduce the tumor and metastases. This is an indication that it is time to move on to more modern methods cancer therapy. For selection effective method treatment you can apply for

The consultation discusses: - methods of innovative therapy;
- opportunities to participate in experimental therapy;
how to get a quota free treatment to the oncology center;
- organizational matters.
After the consultation, the patient is assigned the day and time of arrival for treatment, the therapy department, and, if possible, the attending doctor is appointed.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of several proteins capable of inducing necrosis (death) of tumor cells. Also, he has a wide range anti-inflammatory action and causes an immune response of the body to an external stimulus.

Initially, TNF was detected in the blood of mice after the introduction of certain vaccinations. Blockers that inhibit the action of natural tumor necrosis factor interfere with the positive functioning of the immune system. Such a situation may lead to specific diseases, in particular psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, etc.

TNF is a multifunctional cytokine (a hormone-like protein produced by the body's defense cells) that affects lipid metabolism, coagulation (clotting), and the function of endothelial cells that line blood vessels. All these features can cause apoptosis (death) of cells.

Types of tumor necrosis factor and their use in oncology

To date, two main members of the family have been identified:

1. Tumor necrosis factor, known as alpha, or TFN. This is a monocyte that is involved in the process of tumor regression, causing septic shock or cachexia. This protein is synthesized as prohormones with an unusually long and atypical sequence of elements;
2. Lymphotoxin-alpha, formerly known as tumor necrosis factor beta, is a cytokine that is inhibited by interleukin 10.

The intended use of drugs, including tumor necrosis factor in oncology, is the following functions:

• studies conducted on rodents indicate a decrease in the number of tumor cells or regression of an already existing oncoprocess due to necrosis of cancer tissues;
• a central role in immune homeostasis, which is based on the activation of immune defenses;
• inducing major effects such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, differentiation and migration of immune cells.

Due to the modulation of the activity of the system, different tumor necrosis factor receptors become available, which suggests a variety of possibilities for the therapy of the malignant process.

Cancer treatment with tumor necrosis factor

Preparations containing this element belong to the target type of treatment and have the following therapeutic effect:

• in combination with "Melphalan" (th) tumor necrosis factor is used in the treatment of widespread soft tissue sarcoma of the extremities;
• by increasing the level of interleukins 1.8 and 1.6, it affects the formation of substances that counteract tumors;
• applied as additional drug in the neutralization of cancer-related complications;
• tumor necrosis factor antagonists effective remedy for patients with non-melanoma skin cancers such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and also.

Tumor necrosis factor: a drug

how drug tumor necrosis factor determined only in the process of specific clinical trials. To date, in oncology, there is still no complete knowledge about drugs of this type. The right amount of substance depends on the individual situation.

Preparations general action of this class are:

• "Refnot" (Thymosin-alpha recombinant);
• "Remicad" (infliximab);
• Enbrel (etanercept);
• Humira (adalimumab);
• "Certolizumab";
• "Golimumab";
• in T-cell lymphoma, it is advisable to use azathioprine and / or mercaptopurine.

It is important to know that there are studies that show negative impact on the malignant process of tumor necrosis factor. Basically, this happens when the wrong dose of the drug is taken. At some point, TNF switches to " dark side and begins to promote cancer. Therefore, taking this type of targeted therapy should be used under the strict supervision of doctors.

Cautions

Many patients ask this question. However, you need to understand the following things:

1. Taking medication without medical supervision is strictly contraindicated.
2. The exact calculation of the amount of tumor necrosis factor intake is determined after medical examinations and diagnostics.
3. Only in the clinic decide the need for the use of the drug. Self-use can harm a person and cause adverse reactions.

Examination cost

The need for the use of tumor necrosis factor for the treatment of cancer is established for each patient separately using tests. The price for this procedure includes complete examination, the level of the clinic and medical equipment, as well as indicators of other diagnostic tests. Therefore, in in general terms, the cost of a one-time examination varies within the following limits:

• Russia: from 2000 rubles. up to 6000 rubles, including enzyme immunoassay;
• Ukraine: from 1000 UAH. up to 3000 UAH;
• Abroad: from 100 USD up to 300 USD