ENT therapy. ENT diseases in adults and children
Diseases of the ENT organs begin to disturb a person from early childhood. Most often, these pathologies are inflammatory in nature. ENT organs are closely related to each other and to environment therefore they are vulnerable to attack by various pathogenic bacteria.
The mucous membranes of the ENT organs contain many opportunistic microorganisms, which, under the influence of provoking factors, sharply increase their virulence, which also leads to the development of a number of diseases.
What diseases of the ENT organs are most common? This will be discussed in detail below.
Classification of diseases of ENT organs
The following main pathologies of ENT organs are distinguished:
Throat diseases:
- angina;
- diphtheria;
- pharyngitis;
- foreign bodies;
- laryngitis;
- mucosal burns;
- chronic tonsillitis.
Ear diseases:
Diseases of the nose:
- rhinitis;
- nosebleeds;
- sinusitis;
- foreign bodies;
- adenoiditis;
- allergic rhinitis.
Causes of diseases of the ENT organs
There are quite a few reasons why diseases of the ENT organs can occur. The most common of them are:
Hypothermia of the body, both general and local (for example, drinking ice-cold drinks in hot weather);
Penetration of viruses and bacteria into the body;
Weak immunity;
Bad habits;
stress;
Hypovitaminosis;
Improper nutrition;
Increased mental and physical stress.
Diseases of the ENT organs: symptoms
The reason for visiting a doctor is the following problems of patients with diseases of the ENT organs:
1. Noise and pain in the ears. This symptom characterizes not only inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs. It can occur with hypothermia, trauma and barotrauma.
2. Discharge from the ear. Most often they are a symptom of inflammation of the middle ear.
3. Cough. It can be observed not only with diseases of the respiratory system, but also with the ingress of a foreign body or inflammation of the throat.
4. Bad breath. Occurs with inflammation of the ENT organs, pathologies respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract.
5. Runny nose, sneezing, nasal discharge. Most often they are one of the symptoms of SARS or flu, as well as allergies.
6. Sore throat. May be a symptom of sore throat, burns or inflammation of the oral mucosa.
7. Snoring. May be associated with obesity, age, bad habits, deviated nasal septum.
8. Hearing loss. May be observed at inflammatory diseases middle ear, auditory tube, nose, barotrauma or sulfur plugs in the ear.
9. The appearance of pus on the tonsils. This is the main symptom of diphtheria and tonsillitis.
10. High body temperature. It is observed in most infectious and inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs.
As can be seen from the above list, the problems of patients with diseases of the ENT organs can be completely different. Consequently, the therapy of diseases should be carried out taking into account the causes and symptoms of each individual pathology.
Put correct diagnosis and only a doctor can prescribe adequate therapy, self-medication is unacceptable!
Diseases of the ENT organs in children
It is known that diseases of the ENT organs in children can proceed differently than in adults. This is due to the specific structure of the hearing organs and nasopharynx, which change as they grow older.
For example, in infants, the bones of the skull are not yet fully formed, which is why they are often diagnosed with anthritis (inflammation of the mastoid process, which develops as a complication of otitis media).
At the same time, due to the underdevelopment of the nasal sinuses, the development of most sinusitis in infants is impossible.
Diseases of the ENT organs in children often occur in acute form. They have a violent onset with symptoms of severe intoxication, high temperature and rapid development of complications. Therefore, it is important for parents to notice the signs of the disease in their child in time and seek help from a specialist.
Diagnosis of diseases of ENT organs
Diseases of the ENT organs, the treatment of which requires a competent approach, must be correctly diagnosed, otherwise the therapy may not give the desired effect.
Often, to clarify the diagnosis, a specialist has to simultaneously apply several diagnostic methods at the same time.
The main diagnostic methods for diseases of the ENT organs are:
Questioning and examination of the patient;
Laboratory research methods (blood, urine, microscopic examination of secretions from the nose, ears and throat, and so on);
Instrumental methods (otoscopy, bronchoscopy, pharyngoscopy, rhinoscopy);
radiography;
Diseases of ENT organs: treatment
Therapy of diseases of the throat, ears and nose should be comprehensive. In the treatment, they are used as therapeutic (reception medications, physiotherapy), and surgical methods.
In recent decades, minimally invasive endoscopic and laser methods treatment of ENT diseases.
Many medical experts say it's time for new approaches to treatment various diseases. They say that, first of all, it is necessary to support the patient's immune system, which in normal condition able to deal with most alien agents on its own.
That is why, along with traditional treatment it is recommended to use drugs to strengthen the immune system, immunomodulators and immunostimulants. Perhaps the most efficient and safe drug of this group is Transfer Factor.
What diseases of the ENT organs can be treated with it? Everything! The composition of the Transfer Factor contains special immune particles, which, when entering the body, have the following effect:
- quickly recover immune defense and normalize metabolic processes;
- enhance the effect of co-administered drugs;
- neutralize side effects from other medicines.
Prevention of diseases of ENT organs
Diseases of the ENT organs, the symptoms and methods of treatment of which are described above, can be prevented. In order to reduce the likelihood of developing diseases of the ENT organs to a minimum, the following recommendations should be observed:
Strengthen the body's immune defenses by taking Transfer Factor;
Avoid physical and mental overstrain;
Lead an active lifestyle, walk more, play sports;
To refuse from bad habits;
Do not overcool;
Harden your body;
Avoid stress whenever possible;
Observe the regime of work and rest.
Diseases of the ENT organs must be treated for early stage their development, since after the transition of these pathologies to the chronic stage, treatment will be more complex and lengthy, often protracted for long years. untreated diseases in childhood can cause developmental delay in the child.
Varieties of diseases
The list of ENT diseases is huge, it can include hundreds of clinical names. Diseases of the nose, throat and ear are often diagnosed in children and adults. Children are exposed to them more often due to the imperfection of the immune system.
Nose diseases:
- runny nose or in acute and chronic stage;
- ( , );
- foreign body in the nasal cavity;
- nosebleeds, etc.
The pathological process affects the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses. Some chronic nasal diseases (for example, sinusitis and frontal sinusitis) can cause serious complications in the form of excruciating migraines, blurred vision, and the development of meningitis.
Ear diseases:
- inner, outer and middle;
- eustachitis;
- sulfur plug;
- foreign body in the ear canal;
- injury to the inner ear and eardrum, etc.
The clinical picture of ear pathologies in almost all cases occurs against the background of hearing loss. Inflammatory processes are usually accompanied by fever, symptoms of intoxication of the body, discharge and acute pain in the ear.
In adult patients, the signs of ear disease are often blurred and mild, so the pathology is more difficult to detect and with a great delay. signs pathological process may not make themselves known for a long time.
Allergens
At individual susceptibility they can cause the body, sore throat and swelling of the nasopharynx. Allergens are dust, animal hair, pollen, etc.
Regardless of the cause of the allergy, it is possible to get rid of it only on the condition that contact with the allergen is excluded or as limited as possible. Also therapy allergic rhinitis is to prescribe antihistamines.
hypothermia
A cold can catch you by surprise not only in the cold season, but also in hot weather. This is most often observed in people suffering from a decrease in immunity. In the cold season, low temperatures provoke spasm and vasoconstriction, disrupt tissue trophism, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of developing inflammatory processes and ENT diseases due to the penetration of infectious pathogens into the organs.
In the summer, the greatest danger to the throat is swimming in cold water, ice cream and chilled drinks.
Ears are more susceptible to cold gusts of wind and low temperatures Therefore, they must be protected by wearing a scarf or hat. A runny nose most often develops due to cold feet, which is why you need to wear shoes according to the weather and prevent them from hypothermia.
Any diseases of an inflammatory, infectious and systemic nature often become a provoking factor for the development of ENT diseases.
General symptoms
General clinical picture diseases of the ear, nose and throat are characterized by:
- discomfort and painful sensations in the larynx and nasopharynx;
- difficulty in nasal breathing;
- elevated body temperature;
- intoxication of the body in the form of weakness, deterioration in performance, muscle pain;
- inflammatory phenomena in the affected organs;
- discharge from the nasal cavity and ears;
- pathological enlargement of the submandibular lymph nodes;
- hearing loss;
- headaches;
- protection reduction immune system;
- impaired sense of smell, etc.
If, against the background of the current disease, several of the listed symptoms are noted at once, this indicates an advanced stage of the disease.
How are ENT organs interconnected?
All diseases of the ENT organs are combined into general category, because the throat, ear and nasal cavity interact as a single physiological system.
For example, if a person has a sore throat, the infectious process can freely enter the sinuses or inner ear, causing inflammation in them, and vice versa. Most often this happens due to untimely treatment of ENT diseases or a decrease in immunity.
Otolaryngology as a science is engaged in the study and treatment of ENT diseases, and also works in a preventive direction. An otolaryngologist, in addition to specific knowledge of the pathologies of the ENT organs, must have the knowledge and practical skills of a therapist and surgeon. Advanced diseases in otolaryngology often require the doctor to perform surgical procedures.
Treatment of ENT diseases consists in a complex effect on the body, in particular, on the affected organ or organ system of drug, symptomatic, physiotherapeutic and radical therapy.
All diseases require competent diagnosis and the choice of the most gentle and effective therapeutic effect. In addition to treating the underlying pathology, specialists pay attention to improving the patient's immune system and are engaged in prevention possible relapses ENT diseases.
Self-medication or ignoring the treatment of diseases can cause serious consequences for the body as a whole. One pathology of ENT organs easily leads to a complication of another. For example, a common cold can lead to inflammation maxillary sinuses(sinusitis) and middle ear (otitis media). That's why treat any pathological conditions ENT organs need to be complex, as they are interconnected.
Useful video about ENT diseases
ENT (otolaryngologist) is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the ear, nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx in adults and children.
Ear, nose and throat diseases are among the most common human diseases. Since the ENT organs are located close to each other and are functionally interconnected, in many cases it is required complex treatment. Inattention to the first symptoms (sore throat or ears, increased submandibular lymph nodes, difficulty in nasal breathing), can lead to the spread of the inflammatory process and the development of complications.
Timely appointment with an otolaryngologist and the treatment prescribed by him will allow you to quickly restore health and avoid problems in the future. If you need an appointment with an otolaryngologist in Moscow, please contact JSC "Family Doctor". You can make an appointment with a highly qualified specialist at any convenient time. Surgical treatment of ENT diseases is carried out in our Hospital Center and Surgical Hospital.
With what diseases should you go to the ENT doctor?
The competence of the ENT doctor includes diseases that require both therapeutic and surgical treatment, including:
infectious diseases accompanied by damage to the upper respiratory tract;
nose, ear and throat injuries;
deformation of the nasal septum;
smell disorders;
diseases and injuries paranasal sinuses nose
pharyngitis - inflammation of the pharynx;
tonsillitis - inflammation of the palatine tonsils;
laryngitis - inflammation of the larynx;
tracheitis - inflammation of the trachea;
otitis - inflammation of the outer, middle and inner ear;
hearing impairment;
balance disorders associated with ear diseases;
You may need to see an otolaryngologist if you experience symptoms such as
runny nose, sneezing, nasal discharge, itchy nose;
smell disorders;
frequent nosebleeds;
pain in the nose, throat, or ear;
labored breathing;
swallowing disorder;
extraneous sounds in the ear;
dizziness, prolonged headaches of unknown origin;
When the first symptoms appear, sign up for a consultation with an ENT doctor. Modern methods diagnostics allow to detect ENT diseases on initial stages and reduce treatment time.
Methods for diagnosing ENT diseases
An outpatient appointment with an ENT doctor in the clinics of the Family Doctor JSC network is carried out using the most diagnostic (including endoscopic) equipment. Along with the collection of anamnesis and instrumental diagnostics ENT organs, the doctor may prescribe (or conduct) additional research, among which:
For visualization of specific anatomical structures.
– x-ray examination pharynx with a contrast agent with a special substance, which allows to detect foreign bodies, tumors and deformities.
Allows you to get three-dimensional images of the area under study.
And to determine the state of the hearing organs.
It is carried out for those patients who, for whatever reason, cannot give feedback during the study process.
Laboratory diagnostics (the doctor will take a sample right at the appointment) biological material from problem area and send it to the laboratory for analysis).
Treatment of ENT diseases
Treatment will be prescribed to you immediately - based on the data initial examination. At the second appointment, the ENT doctor, having received the results of the instrumental and laboratory diagnostics and make changes as needed to achieve maximum result as soon as possible. Treatment prescribed may include methods such as:
drug therapy for ENT diseases.
Hardware for rhinitis and sinusitis.
Allowing you to quickly stop the exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis.
Diseases of ENT organs occupy the first place among all diseases that are treated by doctors, both in children's and adult clinics. That is why they receive a lot of attention.
Ears, throat and nose are the "entrance gates" of the infection. That is why they provide a system of protection against bacteria and viruses. But when this system is in an unsatisfactory state, the infection begins to spread and causes various diseases.
Diseases of the ENT organs can be acute or chronic. The reason for this becomes wrong treatment and weak immune defenses.
Diseases of ENT organs
Violation of the functioning of the ENT organs is often considered the cause of not only diseases of a general nature, but also a violation of the individual development of a person, which limits his abilities. Indeed, the ear, larynx and pharynx, nose, along with paranasal sinuses, work as a whole: a disease of one organ can affect the state of another, affecting certain systems of the body.
ENT organs:
The disease of these three organs is not without reason combined into one group, this is due to their functional dependence and anatomical proximity, as well as the fact that diseases that affect one of these organs have the ability to spread to another organ.
Descriptions of diseases of the ENT organs
Causes of diseases of the ENT organs
The causes of the development of diseases of the ENT organs are of an infectious nature in most cases. These include the following infections:
- streptococcal and staphylococcal;
- fungal infection;
- virus particles.
The causes of the formation of ear diseases are bacterial flora. Development factors are local hypothermia and decreased immunity. Pathology ear canal often occurs as a complication of tonsillitis or acute tonsillitis.
The etiological factor in the formation of the pathology of the nose and paranasal sinuses is bacterial and viral infection. With a sharply reduced immunity, the fungal flora becomes the cause. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is called rhinitis. It can be acute and turn into chronic form.
It is important that rhinitis is rarely formed as an independent nosological unit, in most cases it is an accompaniment of SARS or tonsillitis.
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses occurs due to the overlap of the natural fistula between the sinus and nose. AT normal conditions through this opening, accumulated mucus is removed from the sinuses.
When closing, anaerobic conditions are created in the cavity, such a process leads to the development of anaerobic flora, which is pathogenic for the human body. A similar mechanism provokes the development of sinusitis, frontal sinusitis, ethmoiditis and labyrinthitis. The reasons are chronic rhinitis and deviated septum.
Sore throat occurs due to a decrease in local immunity, a violation is a condition for the development of tonsillitis or tonsillitis. Against the background of reduced immunity, pathogenic flora is activated, which becomes the cause of diseases.
Risk factors
- weakened immunity;
- the presence of adenoids;
- anomalies in the structure of ENT organs;
- deviated nasal septum;
- bad habits;
- problems with teeth;
- work in a hazardous industry.
Symptoms of ENT diseases
Typical symptoms of ENT diseases:
- snore;
- gradual hearing loss
- pain of various localization;
- feeling of nasal congestion and runny nose;
- cough;
- bleeding of the nose and ear;
- difficulty breathing, decreased sense of smell and nasal voice.
All these symptoms are indicative of pathological changes in organs from the ENT system. Therefore, it is necessary to understand where the manifestations come from, what diseases they are talking about.
Diagnosis of diseases of ENT organs
To determine the best scheme treatment, it is necessary to make the correct diagnosis. To do this, in the arsenal of an otolaryngologist there are such devices as:
During a simple examination with these devices, the ENT will be able to see characteristics disease and make a diagnosis. He pays attention to the condition of the tympanic membrane, nasal passages and conchas, the mucous membrane of the nose and throat, as well as the tonsils. Examination of the external ear and nose can be performed without the use of special instruments. Also, during the reception, the doctor should palpate (palpate) the adjacent lymph nodes.
For accurate diagnosis ear, throat and nose apply endoscopic examination. An endoscope is a flexible tube with a video camera at the end, which is inserted into the cavity of the organ being examined. The image from the camera is displayed on the monitor and the doctor can see everything up close.
Additionally, the ENT prescribes blood tests and a smear for bacterial culture. They will help determine the type of infection and its degree of pathogenicity. In some cases, a puncture is performed, that is, fluid is taken with a syringe, for further study in the laboratory (for example, with sinusitis, fluid is taken from the paranasal sinuses).
What else does an otolaryngologist check? If you have ear problems, you need to have your hearing checked. The easiest way to do this is through voice, when the patient is at a distance of 6 m, and the doctor whispers different words that the person must hear and repeat. More accurate hearing tests involve the use of special equipment, such as audiometry headphones.
Another of the methods that are used to diagnose ENT organs is radiography. It can help rule out other conditions and see abnormalities in the ears, throat, and nose, such as pus, swelling, fractures, or foreign objects. X-rays are also needed if intracranial or pulmonary complications are suspected.
More advanced technologies are used in magnetic resonance and computed tomography(MRI and CT). The first type is suitable for diagnosing brain lesions and detecting tumor formations. All bones are clearly visible on CT, so it is more often used to detect fractures and foreign bodies.
Treatment of ENT diseases
In the treatment of pathologies of ENT organs, various methods are used.
Physiotherapy
Based on the use of ultrasound, electric current, heat, "blue lamp", electrophoresis, magnetic field and other methods based on physical impact. These methods of treatment are considered among the safest, they are used either alone or in combination with drug therapy.
Medical therapy
As a rule, in the treatment of all ENT diseases, antibiotics are used that relieve inflammatory process, swelling, fight infection, preventing the development of further deterioration. There is nothing wrong with these drugs, it is important to understand that the risk of complications from inflammation of the ENT organ that is not treated in time is much higher possible harm from an antibiotic. The only and main rule in this case: only a doctor can prescribe the drug, its dosage and duration of administration.
Inhalations
They can be classified as both physical and drug therapy. They are used for pathologies of the nose and throat, medicinal substance with this method of treatment, it enters the body with inhaled air, i.e. through the upper respiratory tract.
Surgical methods
They are used in severe cases, when other methods of treatment do not bring the desired effect, and there is a threat to the patient's life. The most common example of operations on ENT organs can be considered the removal of adenoids, palatine tonsils and polyps.
Prevention of diseases of ENT organs
Diseases of the ENT organs, the symptoms and methods of treatment of which are described above, can be prevented. In order to reduce the likelihood of developing diseases of the ENT organs to a minimum, the following recommendations should be observed:
- strengthen the immune defense of the body;
- avoid physical and mental overstrain;
- lead an active lifestyle, walk more, play sports;
- to refuse from bad habits;
- do not overcool;
- temper your body;
- avoid stress as much as possible;
- comply with the regime of work and rest.
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ENT organs are the avant-garde outpost of the body, which is the first to meet pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Even the most strong immunity not always able to repulse them and crush pathogens "at the gate". Therefore, diseases of the nose, throat and ear are in the lead in the overall incidence rate in Russia, and their number only grows by 5-7% every year. But they are all treated, the main thing is not to try to muffle the symptoms on your own, but to make an appointment with Laura.
Who is an ENT doctor
ENT (ear-throat or ear-throat-nose) - old and more familiar terms for many, which are now used extremely rarely - doctors of this specialization began to be called otolaryngologists. This is different names the same specialist who treats otitis, laryngitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis and tonsillitis. Otolaryngology collaborates with maxillofacial surgery, infectology, phthisiology and endocrinology, because the disease can begin, for example, with sinusitis, and then go into purulent periostitis, odontogenic osteomyelitis, abscessing lymphadenitis, etc. So that a “harmless” runny nose does not provoke bone necrosis, for any illness you need to run to the ENT - a doctor in Moscow.
What does he do
Ear-nose-throat in our body is an interconnected triad. For example, if the infection has penetrated through the nose, then the nasal mucosa first becomes inflamed, then the throat begins to hurt, and after a week the patient is often “pleased” with the symptoms of otitis media. Therefore, an ENT doctor in Moscow usually prescribes treatment not for one organ, but selects procedures and drugs in order to destroy infectious agent in all organs at once.
But the journey of a viral or bacterial infection through the body often does not end there. For example, tonsillitis, not cured in time, becomes chronic and provokes more than 100 different diseases, including rheumatism, pyelonephritis, etc. In order not to start a banal sore throat, you should immediately go to the doctor.
Why contact this specialist
The cause of acute respiratory viral infections, sinusitis, tonsillitis or otitis media can be both a bacterial and a viral infection. Although they cause the same diseases with similar symptoms, the approach to treatment should be radically different. "Crush" bacterial infection you can easily take antibiotics in a few days, but with viruses they are completely useless.
And only a good ENT in Moscow can determine the type of infectious agent. Therefore, do not self-prescribe a course of antibiotics or antiviral drugs- such diseases should be treated by a doctor.
The most common diseases of the ENT organs are: sinusitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis, etc. For example, more than 2 million Russians are diagnosed with laryngitis every year. The capital's autumn, winter and spring are the time of the traditional "full house" of ENT diseases in Moscow. But at other times of the year you should not relax - even in July you can get pharyngitis. It is even easier to come from a seaside resort with otitis media. Therefore, if a runny nose does not go away for a week or the ear begins to hurt, hearing has worsened, then you need to go to an appointment with Laura.
Recording to lore in Moscow
Breathe heavily, chronic runny nose tormented, tonsils inflamed, hearing worsened? It is very dangerous to ignore such symptoms and "carry" the infection. Now you don’t even need to go to the reception desk for a ticket and stand in line - you can make an appointment via the Internet on our website. You will be consulted by the best ENT doctors in Moscow, if necessary, they will refer you for diagnostics and prescribe treatment.