Lesson plan No. 3

Discipline: “Russian language and culture of speech”

Topic of the lesson: Topic 1.1. Phonetic units language (phonemes). Features of Russian accent. Phonetic means speech expressiveness.

Type of activity : lesson

Objectives of the lesson.

4.1. Educational: developing knowledge about phonetic units, features of Russian stress and means of speech expression

4.2. Educational: to promote the development of business qualities in students.

4.3. Developmental: development of cognitive interest in the Russian language and speech culture, cognitive abilities - speech, memory and attention, development of work skills in mastering educational material using tutorials

Interdisciplinary connections.

5.1.Providing all disciplines

5.2. Provided: Russian language

Methodological support for the lesson.

6.1. Visual aids

6.2. Handout:

6.3. Technical means

6.4. Used Books:

Uch. 1. – Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: tutorial/ Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. - Ed. 15th, erased. - Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2014. – 380, p. - (Secondary vocational education).

Uch. 2. – Kuznetsova, N.V. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of secondary institutions vocational education. - 3rd ed. / N.V. Kuznetsova. - M.: FORUM - INFRA-M, 2009. - 368 p. - (Professional education).

Uch. 3. – Samsonov, N.B. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students educational institutions secondary vocational education / N.B. Samsonov. - M.: Onyx, 2010. - 304 p.

8. Progress of the lesson

8.1. Lesson structure

Time

Elements

classes

Use

NP, TSO

8.2. Contents of the lesson.

Item no.

Lesson elements

Organizing students for class.

Motivation cognitive activity students:

Report the topic of the lesson;

Determining the goals and objectives of the lesson;

brief information about the sequence of students’ work in class, etc.

Examination homework, establishing the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students. Forms and methods of control. Frontal survey on the following questions:

What do you understand by the concept of “speech culture”?

Name the aspects of “speech culture”.

What are the basic requirements for speech?

What does speech culture study?

What are the criteria for good speech? Provide your own examples to illustrate each criterion.

Explain why it is important to be able to speak correctly and appropriately.

How can you develop good speaking skills?

A lesson in learning new material. Forms and methods of teaching: verbal, explanatory and illustrative (conversation, analysis), partially search method (students’ choice of examples, quotes, transfer of features of objects to new ones - the principle of comparison, analogy), reproductive and problem-based teaching methods; interactive lecture, student reports, independent work of students with cards and tables, analytical conversation. Methodological techniques: conversation, analysis, group work, student reports.

Explanation of new material. Interactive lecture by a teacher using information technologies(presentation), during which students complete the task: make notes (fill out the table).

Organizing time. introduction teacher.

Lesson plan:

Question 2. Russian accent and its main features.

Question 1. Phonetic units of language (phonemes).

Vowels and consonants

Phonetics is the study of the sound side of language. This is a science that studies sounds and their regular alternations, features of stress, intonation, division of the sound stream into syllables and larger segments.

Phonetics deals with the material side of language, with sound means devoid of independent meaning, for example, the conjunction a is a word that has an adversative meaning, but [a] does not have this meaning.

A phoneme is the shortest linearly distinguishable linguistic unit, represented by a whole series of alternating sounds, which serves to distinguish and identify words and morphemes.

Phonetics (rp. phonetike) studies the sounds of speech, and graphika (gr. graphikos - drawn) studies their image in writing, i.e. letters.

Distinguish between the terms “sound” and “letter”; we pronounce and hear sounds, and we write letters.

Speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.

Vowels are sounds that are formed in the speech organs under the pressure of exhaled air, which does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity on its way. Therefore, only the voice participates in the formation of vowel sounds.

Consonants are sounds that consist either of noise alone, formed by various obstacles in the oral cavity on the path of air exhaled from the lungs, or of noise and voice. In the first case, voiceless consonants are formed, in the second - voiced. The sonorant consonants l, m, n, r also stand out, in the formation of which the voice prevails over noise; they are, as it were, louder than voiced ones.

Most voiceless and voiced consonants form pairs, but some consonants are only voiceless, others are only voiced. In the table below, the ["] sign above the consonant on the right indicates the softness of its pronunciation; latin letter[j] denotes a middle-lingual voiced consonant, a dash above a consonant indicates a long sound, for example [ш"].

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Voiced bb" in v" g g" d d" w w" z z" l l" m m" n n" r r" j

Voiceless p p" f f" k k" t t" w w" s s" x c ch"

There is also a distinction between hard consonants and soft consonants. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs, but some consonants are only hard and others are only soft, as shown in the table below.

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Solid b c d z l m n p r s t f g k x f sh c

Soft b" c" d" z" l" m" n" p" r" s" t" f" g" k" x" f" w" h

When characterizing speech sounds, these features should be indicated. This should be kept in mind when analyzing words phonetically. In this case given word should be transcribed. For example, let’s do a phonetic analysis of the word “graphics” - [graphic].

Let's characterize the sounds in this word. Let's name the vowels first. The vowel a is stressed, the vowel i is unstressed, the vowel a - [ъ] is unstressed (the sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters). Consonants: g - noisy, sonorous, paired, hard; p - sonorous, hard; f - noisy; dull, paired, soft; k - noisy, dull, steamy, hard. The consonants in this word are also indicated by the corresponding letters. The word has seven sounds and seven letters.

When analyzing words phonetically, you need to take into account the features of the Russian graphic system, since the same letter can mean different sounds. For example, the letter v - sounds differently in the words sound and call; in the second word it denotes a voiceless consonant [f].

The double meaning of the letters e, ё, yu, ya should be taken into account. At the beginning of a word, after vowels, after dividing hard and soft signs, they designate two sounds: й + е, й + о, й+ у, й + а (yama, yula, mine, family, congress). After consonants, these letters indicate one sound (e, o, u, a) and the softness of the preceding consonant (crumpled, chalk, sang, love).

The letters b, c, d, d, z, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, x indicate both hard and soft consonants. The softness of consonants (except for hissing ones) in writing is indicated by the letters e, e, yu, i, i, b, and hardness by the letters e, o, y, a, s, for example: measure - mayor, pero - per, mashed potatoes - blizzard.

Syllable

A syllable is one vowel sound or a combination of a consonant and a vowel, which are pronounced with one impulse of exhaled air. A syllable ending with a vowel sound is called open, for example: go-lo-va, stra-to-sphere. A syllable ending with a consonant sound is called closed, for example: koi-ka, proud, pal-ka.

Word hyphenation rules:

1. Words are transferred into syllables, for example: hundred-ro-na, bez-water-ny.

2. When hyphenating, you can neither leave at the end of a line nor transfer to another line a part of a word that does not form a syllable.

That's right: skip the start, move it.

Incorrect: skip-sk, sd-blame.

3. You cannot separate a consonant from the vowel that follows it.

That's right: hero, good-for-nothing, good-for-nothing.

Incorrect: hero-oh, empty-yak.

4. If after the prefix there is a letter s, then the part of the word starting with it cannot be transferred.

That's right: play, play, find, find.

Incorrect: play, under-search.

1. The letters ъ and ь cannot be separated from the preceding consonant.

That's right: driving around, less.

Incorrect: go away, less.

2. You cannot separate the letter th from the preceding vowel.

That's right: district, build, flock.

Incorrect: ra-yon, construction, sta-yka.

7. You cannot leave one letter at the end of a line or transfer it to another line.

That's right: ana-to-miya.

Incorrect: a-anatomy, anatomy-i.

Therefore, some words cannot be transferred, for example: Asia, shoes, beehive, anchor.

When consonants coincide, transfer options are possible, for example: sister-tra, sister-tra, sister-ra.

Preferable transfers are those in which significant parts of the word (morphemes) are not broken, for example: sub-bit (and not po-dbit), call (and not call), pere-throw (and not throw).

Sound laws in Russian

The sound law in the field of vowel sounds consists in their reduction - the weakening of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. So, in the word head in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter o, the sound [a] is pronounced (square brackets indicate the sound, not the letter), and in the second pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter o, a short sound is pronounced, intermediate between [s] and [a]: it is conventionally designated by the sign [ъ]. The result is a phonetic rendering [head].

After soft consonants in place of the letters e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound close to [i] is pronounced, for example: spring [v"isna], spot [p"itno]; in the remaining pre-stressed syllables and in the post-stressed syllables, a sound is pronounced that resembles a very short [i], which is conventionally denoted by the sign [b], for example: giant [v"likan], piglet [p"tachok].

Sound laws in the field of consonants are manifested primarily in the deafening of voiced consonants and in the voicing of deaf ones. Only before vowel sounds (strong position) consonant sounds do not change their sound: day [d "en"], tone [tone]. In weak positions (position at the absolute end of a word, the position of a voiced noisy consonant before a voiceless noisy and a voiceless noisy before a voiced noisy) positional changes are observed.

1. At the absolute end of the word, voiced consonants change to unvoiced: mushroom - gri [p], cottage cheese - tvoro [k], lunch - both (t), garage - gara [sh], order - zaka [s].

2. Voiced consonants before deaf ones change to voiceless ones: boat - lo[tk]a, spoon - lo[shk]a, sheep - o[fts]a, fairy tale - ska[sk]a, teeth - zu[pk]i, exhibition - exhibition[fk]a. Thus, consonants paired in deafness-voicing sound the same in a weak position.

Positional changes in consonants are also associated with the softening of hard consonants before soft ones. The sounds [z], [s], [t], [n] before some soft consonants and before [h"], [sh"] are softened in the roots of words: [z"]here, [s"]tep, ne[ n]-sia, pte[n"]chik, ba[n"]schik; at the junction of the prefix and the root: be[z"]detny, v[z"]det, i[z"]delie, r[s"]cut.

Sometimes, before soft consonants, some consonants may be softened both in the roots of words and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [d]ve, i[z]myat.

The sound system of the Russian language is characterized by simplification of combinations of consonants and reduction of groups of identical consonants. In combinations of letters zdn, stn, ntsk, stsk, stl, rdts, ndsh, d, t are not pronounced: po[zn]o, nena[sn]y, giga[nsk]y, slav[ssk]y, scha[sl] ivy, s[rts]e, la[ns]aft. The consonant in in the combination vstv: chu[st]o, zdra[st]uy - and l in the combination lnts: so[nt]e is not pronounced.

When three identical consonants collide, they are reduced to two: ras+sorit - ra[ss]orit, Odess+skiy - Ode[ss]kiy.

Operating in modern language sound laws sometimes lead to complete assimilation of some consonant sounds to the following consonants. Knowledge of the sound laws of the Russian language is necessary in order to master the norms of literary pronunciation, which is given special importance when assessing speech culture.

Question 2. Russian accent and its main features

The science of literary pronunciation and stress is called o rpho e p i e (Gr. orthos - straight, correct and eros - speech). Key Feature This science is its soft, compliant nature: it not only indicates the rules of literary pronunciation, but also establishes acceptable limits for their violation (depending on the conditions of communication). For the speech of speakers, presenters speaking in front of a large audience, there are some rules, for a friendly conversation - others.

Accent

Features of Russian accent

A word can consist of one or more syllables, one syllable in a word is stressed, the rest are unstressed.

There are verbal and phrasal (logical) stress (belonging to intonation, being part of it).

Word stress is the emphasis of one of the syllables of a non-monosyllabic word. With the help of stress, part of the sound chain is combined into a single whole - phonetic word.

Russian verbal stress is free, that is, not assigned to a syllable specific by location: children, sit, carnation, general, etc.

Russian accent differs in different places: in various forms words or in words of the same root it can be on different syllables, different morphemes: fur - fur - fur.

At the same time, in many cases the stress in the forms of the word does not change its place (single place): bed, bed - beds.

All significant words have stress. Function words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) usually do not have stress. In the flow of speech, function words merge with the significant words to which they relate, forming a phonetic word with it: at the station, on the road. Unstressed adjacent function words are called proclitics if they come before the stressed word (at the station) and enclitics if they come after it (how far).

Usually words in Russian have one accent. However, a large number of two and three syllable words that are quite long have 2 or 3 stresses. The last of them is the main and full-fledged one, the rest are additional (side emphasis): railway, mechanical engineering, aerial photography.

If a speech beat consists of several phonetic words, then one of the words carries a stronger stress. This selection of one of the words of a speech beat is called beat stress. One of the measures of the phrase is also emphasized by a stronger stress, which is called phrasal stress. Typically, bar stress occurs on the last word of a speech bar, and phrasal stress emphasizes the last bar of a phrase. For example: Elizaveta Ivanovna / sat in her room, still in her ball gown, / immersed in deep thoughts.

The function of bar and phrase stress is to phonetically combine several words into a speech bar and several bars into a phrase.

Highlighting a word in a speech beat with a stronger emphasis to emphasize it special significance called logical (phrase) stress. Any word in speech can carry logical stress.

Stress is the emphasis on one of the syllables in a word by strengthening the voice. Depending on which element is highlighted, a distinction is made between logical and verbal stress.

Logical stress is the selection of a word or group of words that are important from the point of view of meaning in a given phrase.

Word stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.

Stress in the Russian language is characterized by the following main features:

1. The stressed syllable is pronounced with greater force; stress is characterized by greater volume of the stressed syllable.

2. The stressed syllable is distinguished by its longer duration.

3. A stressed syllable, unlike an unstressed one, is characterized by significant tension in the pronunciation apparatus, as well as increased exhalation.

In Russian the stress is varied, i.e. can stand on any syllable (first, second, third, etc.), for example: room, road, threshing. Russian stress is mobile: it can move from one syllable to another when the form of the word changes, for example: head - head (vin. pad.), city - cities (plural).

In complex words, in addition to the main one, there may also be a secondary, or side, stress, for example: radio broadcast, car-building.

The emphasis can play a semantically distinctive role, for example: perfume (perfume product) - perfume (plural from the word “spirit”).

Since Russian stress is varied and mobile and, because of this, its placement cannot be regulated by rules uniform for all words, the placement of stress in words and word forms is also regulated by the rules of orthoepy. "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. R.I. Avanesova describes the pronunciation and stress of more than 60 thousand words, and due to the mobility of Russian stress, all forms of this word are often included in the dictionary entry. So, for example, the word call in the present tense forms has an emphasis on the ending: calling, calling. Some words have variable stress in all their forms, for example cottage cheese and cottage cheese. Other words may have variable stress in some of their forms, for example: tkala and tkala, kosú and sóçú.

Differences in pronunciation may be caused by a change in the orthoepic norm. Thus, in linguistics it is customary to distinguish between “senior” and “junior” orthoepic norms: new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at some stage they coexist, although mainly in speech different people. It is with the coexistence of the “senior” and “junior” norms that the variability of positional softening of consonants is associated.

Pronunciation variability may be associated not only with the dynamic process of changing pronunciation norms, but also with social significant factors. Thus, pronunciation can distinguish between literary and professional use of the word (compass and compass), neutral style and colloquial speech(thousand [thousand "ich"a] and [thousand"a]), neutral and high style (poet [paet] and [poet]).

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables in a word (or rather, the vowel in it) with greater force and duration. Other features Russian accent – ​​its diversity and mobility.

The diversity of Russian stress lies in the fact that it can fall on any syllable in a word, as opposed to languages ​​with a fixed stress place (for example, French or Polish): tree, road, milk.

The mobility of stress lies in the fact that in the forms of one word the stress can move from the stem to the ending: legs - legs.

In compound words (i.e. words with several roots) there may be several stresses: instrument-aircraft engineering, but many compound words do not have a side stress: steamboat [parachot].

Stress in Russian can perform following functions:

1) organizing - a group of syllables with a single stress makes up a phonetic word, the boundaries of which do not always coincide with the boundaries of the lexical word and can combine independent words together with service ones: in the fields [fpal "á], he-something [onta];

2) semantically distinctive - stress can distinguish

a) different words, which is due to the variety of Russian accents: flour - flour, castle - castle,

b) forms of one word, which is associated with the variety of places and mobility of the Russian accent: zemli – zemlí.

Question 3. Phonetic means of speech expression.

The use of various techniques for the sound organization of speech to enhance its expressiveness is called sound recording. It consists of a special selection of words that, by their sound, contribute to the figurative transmission of thought. Sound recording is possible only in artistic speech, and above all in poetry.

In order for the sound of speech to become noticeable, it is necessary to clearly highlight words when reading and strengthen expressive consonances. This requires a special intonation, possible only in poetry and lyrical prose. Here the words are prominent, weighty, they are pronounced slowly; emotional speech is rich in pauses. And in poetry, thanks to rhythm and rhyme, words are voiced more than in a simple conversation.

Masters of artistic expression use a variety of techniques to enhance phonetic expressiveness speech. The most important of them is sound instrumentation, which consists of selecting words that sound similar. For example, in Pushkin: Peter is feasting. And proud and clear, // And his gaze is full of glory. // And his royal feast is wonderful (“Poltava”). The richness of sound repetitions of vowels [o, a] and consonants [p, p, t] reflects the breadth of the scope of the victorious triumph being sung; The roll call of sounds reinforces the first phrase - Peter is feasting.

Depending on the quality of repeated sounds, two types of sound instrumentation are distinguished: alliteration and assonance. Alliteration is the repetition of consonants: The snow is still white in the fields, // And the waters are noisy in the spring - // They run and wake up the sleepy shore, // They run and shine and cry (Tutch.). With the greatest certainty, our hearing picks up the repetition of sounds that are at the beginning of a word and in a pre-stress position. Is it possible not to notice the alliteration, for example, at the beginning of S. Yesenin’s poem “Good morning!”? The golden stars dozed off, // The mirror of the backwater trembled... We notice the sound similarity not only nearby worthwhile words, but also separated by other words of text. For example, the repetition of [p] and [z-s] in S. Yesenin’s quatrain:

Goy, Rus', my dear,

The huts are in the robes of the image...

No end in sight -

Only blue sucks his eyes.

Poetic speech can be instrumental by repeating several sounds at once. And the more of them are involved in such a roll call, the more clearly their repetition is heard, the greater the aesthetic pleasure the sound of the text brings us. This is the sound instrumentation of Pushkin’s wonderful lines: Look: under the distant arch // The free moon is walking; Nurtured, in eastern bliss, // On the northern, sad snow // You left no traces [of the legs]; She liked novels early on; Whose benevolent hand // Will tatter the old man’s laurels!

Another type of instrumentation represents assonance - repetition of vowels: It's time, it's time! The horns are blowing... (A. Pushkin) Assonance is usually based only on stressed sounds, since in an unstressed position the vowels change significantly. And we must also take into account that the sound [a] can be denoted by the letter o in an unstressed position, the sound [o] by the letter e. Thus, in an excerpt from Pushkin’s “Poltava”, assonances on [a] and [o] are created only by the vowels we have highlighted:

Quiet Ukrainian night.

The sky is transparent. The stars are shining.

Overcome your drowsiness

Doesn't want air...

Shorter and reduced sounds, conveyed by the same letters - o and a, are not relevant for sound writing, they are little noticeable. But if vowels are not subject to change in an unstressed position, they participate in the creation of assonance. For example, Nekrasov conveys “music” with assonance on [u] railway: Everything is fine under the moonlight, // I recognize my native Rus' everywhere... // I quickly fly along cast-iron rails. // I think my thoughts...

Russian poets were fascinated not only by the “sweet-voiced” music of speech, but also by other sounds. Great artists did not refuse to use any harmonies for the purpose of sound recording, finding application for them in poetry. Remember the “unaesthetic” hissing in Nekrasov’s poems: From the jubilant, chatting idly, // Staining their hands with blood... They are emotionally justified, like Lermontov, when he wrote: Perhaps behind the wall of the Caucasus // I will hide from your pashas, // From them all-seeing eye, // From their all-hearing ears.

Consolidation of the studied material. Problem-based, partially search-based teaching methods.

1.What is the object of studying phonetics?

2.What areas of language are phonetics closely related to? Give examples.

3.What principles underlie the division of sounds into vowels and consonants?

4.What phonetic laws in the area of ​​consonants do you know? Describe them.

5. Name techniques for enhancing the phonetic expressiveness of speech.

6. Define the terms alliteration and assonance. Give examples.

7. For what purpose are alliteration and assonance used in poetic speech?

8. State the differences between anaphora and epiphora.

Exercises

1. Select words that contain th:

Bird cherry fragrant

Bloomed with spring

And golden branches,

That I curled my curls.

Honey dew all around

Slides along the bark

Spicy greens underneath

Shines in silver.

2. In what words do two letters represent one sound?

Alley, drive up, stormy, sharp, doubts, seamless, military, copper, incident, family, contained, take, cabbie, low-fat.

3. Indicate in the text consonant sounds that do not have a pair for deafness-voicedness and hardness-softness.

And finally I will be happy

I'll leave this world in peace

And in my gratitude

I'll forget your slap.

(P.)

4. Identify strong and weak vowel positions.

Jam, urban, kindness, ground, close, try on, reconcile.

5. Read an excerpt from A.E. Fersman’s lecture “Stone in the culture of the future.” Find repetitions in the text and explain for what purpose the author uses them.

Are you gems are they not an emblem of firmness, constancy and eternity? Is there anything harder than diamond that can compare to the strength and indestructibility of this form of carbon?

Are not corundum in its many modifications, topaz and garnet the main abrasive materials, comparable only to the new artificial products of human genius? Aren’t quartz, zircon, diamond and corundum some of the most stable chemical groups of nature, and aren’t many of them fire-resistant and unchangeable? high temperatures do not far exceed the fire resistance of the vast majority of other bodies?

6. A. Blok

May is cruel with white nights!

Eternal knocking on the gate: come out!

Blue haze behind my shoulders,

The unknown, death lies ahead!

Notice the repetition of sounds at the beginning and end of words. This technique is called mixing anaphora and epiphora. - For what purpose does the author use this technique in this poem?

7. Read an excerpt from a poem by F. Tyutchev. Name repeated identical or similar consonants.

The snow is still white in the fields,

And in the spring the waters are noisy -

They run and wake up the sleepy shore,

They run and shine and shout...

What is this technique called? Find examples of this technique in other poems by the poet.

Homework:

Assignment for independent work:

Teacher: Matveeva M.V.

Topic 2.1. Phonetics. Phonetic units.

Phonetic norms.

Plan.

1. What does phonetics study?

Basic phonetic units.

Phonetic norms.

Phonetics(from the Greek word - “sound”) - a branch of the science of language in which the sounds of speech are studied.

All significant units of language (morphemes, words, sentences) are expressed by sounds, dressed in a phonetic “suit”. However, the sounds themselves eigenvalue Dont Have. But they perform an important meaning-distinguishing role in the language: they create the sound shell of words and thereby help to distinguish words from each other

Words differ in the number of sounds they consist of, the set of sounds, and the sequence of their arrangement.

Speech sounds are created by air vibrations and the work of the speech apparatus (larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavity, tongue, lips, teeth, palate).

The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a sound are called articulation(Lat. “to pronounce articulately”).

The sounds around us can be different. A violin plays, a trumpet sounds, a crystal glass rings: these are musical sounds that arise from uniform harmonic vibration. This sound is called tone.

The wind rustles dry leaves. A man coughs. The motor is running. These are completely different sounds - non-musical, noisy.

Speech sounds, like all other sounds, consist of tone and noise.

Vowels are tonal, consonants are noisy.

The speech beat breaks down into phonetic words. The phrase has as many phonetic words as there are stresses. Since some words are not stressed, there are often fewer phonetic words in a phrase than lexical ones.

The heat on the way was not the main obstacle.

(7 lexical words, 5 phonetes.)

The next phonetic units are syllable and stress.

Words can be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. For example: flag, coat of arms, antenna.

Only vowel sounds can be stressed. The stress in the Russian language is free, which causes difficulties in writing and pronunciation.

These phonetic units can serve as the basis for Russian pronunciation.

Our sound language is constantly changing. Some phonetic patterns are destroyed and new ones come to replace them. Differences appear between the pronunciation norms of different generations; in parallel, there are pronunciation systems for “fathers” and “children” - the so-called “senior” and “younger” norms.

For example:

Phonetic norms

Phonetic means of the Russian language

Phonetic means of the Russian language with a delimiting function include sounds, stress (verbal and phrasal) and intonation, which often appear together or in combination.
Speech sounds have different qualities and therefore serve as a means in language to distinguish words. Often words differ in just one sound, the presence of an extra sound compared to another word, the order of sounds (cf.: jackdaw - pebble, fight - howl, mouth - mole, nose - sleep).
Verbal stress distinguishes words and word forms that are identical in sound composition (cf.: clubs - clubs, holes - holes, hands - hands).
Phrase stress distinguishes sentences by meaning with the same composition and word order (cf.: It is snowing and It's snowing).
Intonation distinguishes sentences with the same composition of words (with the same place of phrasal stress) (cf.: Is the snow melting and Is the snow melting?).
Sounds and word stress as delimiters of significant elements of speech (words and their forms) are associated with vocabulary and morphology, and phrase stress and intonation are associated with syntax.

Phonetic units of the Russian language

From the rhythmic-intonation side, our speech represents a speech flow, or a chain of sounds. This chain is divided into links, or phonetic units of speech: phrases, bars, phonetic words, syllables and sounds.
A phrase is the largest phonetic unit, a complete statement in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other phrases by a pause.
A speech beat (or syntagma) most often consists of several words united by one stress.
The speech beat is divided into phonetic words, i.e. independent words together with adjacent unstressed function words and particles.
Words are divided into their own phonetic units - syllables, and the latter - into sounds.
Syllable division, types of syllables in Russian. Accent

Syllable concept

From the point of view of education, from the physiological side, a syllable is a sound or several sounds pronounced with one expiratory impulse.
From the point of view of sonority, from the acoustic side, a syllable is a sound segment of speech in which one sound stands out with the greatest sonority in comparison with its neighbors - the preceding and following ones. Vowels, as the most sonorous, are usually syllabic, and consonants are non-syllabic, but sonorants (r, l, m, n), as the most sonorous of the consonants, can form a syllable. Syllables are divided into open and closed depending on the position of the syllabic sound in them. An open syllable is one that ends with a syllabic sound: wa-ta. A closed syllable is a syllable that ends with a non-syllable sound: there, bark. An open syllable is a syllable that begins with a vowel sound: a-orta. A covered syllable is a syllable that begins with a consonant sound: ba-tone.

Accent

In the flow of speech, stress differs between phrasal, tactic and verbal.
Word stress is the emphasis when pronouncing one of the syllables of a disyllabic or polysyllabic word. Word stress is one of the main external signs independent word. Function words and particles usually do not have stress and are adjacent to independent words, forming one phonetic word with them: [under-the-mountain], [on-the-side], [here-the-time].
The Russian language is characterized by forceful (dynamic) stress, in which a stressed syllable stands out compared to unstressed syllables with greater tension in articulation, especially the vowel sound. A stressed vowel is always longer than the corresponding unstressed sound. Russian stress is varied: it can fall on any syllable (exit, exit, exit). Variation of stress is used in the Russian language to distinguish homographs and their grammatical forms (organ - organ) and individual forms of various words (moyu - moi), and in some cases serves as a means of lexical differentiation of a word (chaos - chaos) or gives the word a stylistic coloring (well done - Well done). The mobility and immobility of stress serves additional means when forming forms of the same word: the stress either remains in the same place of the word (garden, -a, -u, -om, -e, -y, -ov, etc.), or moves from one part of the word to another (city, -a, -u, -om, -e; -a, -ov, etc.). The mobility of stress ensures the distinction of grammatical forms (buy - buy, legs - legs, etc.).
In some cases, the difference in the place of verbal stress loses all meaning: cf.: cottage cheese and cottage cheese, otherwise and differently, butt and butt, etc.
Words can be unstressed or lightly stressed. Usually, function words and particles are deprived of stress, but they sometimes take on stress, so that a preposition with an independent word following it has the same stress: [for-winter], [out-of-town], [in the evening].
Lightly stressed can be two- and three-syllable prepositions and conjunctions, simple numerals in combination with nouns, connectives be and become, some of introductory words.
Some categories of words have, in addition to the main one, an additional, side stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one in the second, for example: Old Russian. These words include:
1) polysyllabic, as well as complex in composition (aircraft construction),
2) complex abbreviations (gostelecentr),
3) words with prefixes after-, super-, arch-, trans-, anti-, etc. (transatlantic, post-October),
4) some foreign words (postscript, post factum).
Tactic stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of a more semantically important word within a speech tact. For example: Am I wandering | along noisy streets, | am I entering | to a crowded temple, | am I sitting | between mad youths, | I surrender | to my dreams (P.).
Phrase stress is the emphasis in pronunciation of the most semantically important word within a statement (phrase); such an accent is one of the bars. In the example above, the phrasal stress falls on the word dreams.
Bar and phrasal stress is also called logical.
Sound composition of the Russian literary language

Sound concept

The shortest, minimal, indivisible sound unit that stands out during the sequential sound division of a word is called the sound of speech. The traditional classification of speech sounds is to divide them into vowels and consonants.

Consonant sounds and their classification

Consonants differ from vowels in the presence of noises that are formed in the oral cavity during pronunciation.
The consonants differ:
1) by the participation of noise and voice,
2) at the place of noise generation,
3) according to the method of noise generation,
4) by the absence or presence of softness.
Involvement of noise and voice. Based on the participation of noise and voice, consonants are divided into noisy and sonorant. Sonorant consonants are those formed with the help of voice and slight noise: [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [l], [l"], [r], [r"]. Noisy consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Noisy voiced consonants are [b], [b"], [v], [v"], [g], [g"], [d], [d"], [zh], ["], [z ], [з"], [j], [?], [?"], , , formed by noise with the participation of the voice. Noisy voiceless consonants include: [p], [p"], [f], [f" ], [k], [k"], [t], [t"], [s], [s"], [w], ["], [x], [x"], [ts], [h], formed only with the help of noise alone, without the participation of the voice (see § 62).
Location of noise generation. Depending on which active organ of speech (lower lip or tongue) dominates in sound formation, consonants are divided into labial and lingual. If we take into account the passive organ in relation to which the lip or tongue articulates, consonants can be labiolabial [b], [p] [m] and labiodental [v], [f]. Linguals are divided into front-lingual, middle-lingual and posterior-lingual. Forelinguals can be dental [t], [d], [s], [z], [ts], [n], [l] and palatodental [h], [sh], [z], [r] ; middle tongue - middle palatal [j]; posterior lingual - posterior palatal [g], [k], [x].
Methods of noise generation. Depending on the difference in the methods of noise formation, consonants are divided into stops [b], [p], [d], [t], [g], [k], fricatives [v], [f], [s], [z ], [w], [zh], [j], [x], affricates [ts], [h], occlusions: nasal [n], [m], lateral, or oral, [l] and trembling (vibrants) [p].
Hardness and softness of consonants. The absence or presence of softness (palatalization) determines the hardness and softness of consonants. Palatalization (Latin palatum - hard palate) is the result of mid-palatal articulation of the tongue, complementing the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds formed with such additional articulation are called soft, and sounds formed without it are called hard.
Characteristic feature The consonant system is the presence in it of pairs of sounds that are correlated in deafness-voiceness and in hardness-softness. The correlation of paired sounds lies in the fact that in some phonetic conditions (before vowels) they are distinguished as two different sounds, and in other conditions (at the end of a word) they do not differ and coincide in their sound. Compare: rose - dew and rose - grew [ros - grew]. This is how paired consonants appear in the indicated positions [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [d] - [t], [z] - [s], [zh] - [sh], [g] - [k], which, therefore, form correlative pairs of consonants in terms of deafness and voicedness.
The correlative series of voiceless and voiced consonants is represented by 12 pairs of sounds. Paired consonants differ in the presence of voice (voiced) or absence of it (voiceless). Sounds [l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [r], [r"] [j] - extra-paired voiced, [x], [ts] , [h"] - extrapaired voiceless.
The classification of Russian consonants is presented in the table:

The composition of consonant sounds, taking into account the correlation between deafness and voicedness, is shown in the following table

F, W - long hissing, paired according to deafness and sonority; Wed [trembling], ["Shi]).
The hardness and softness of consonants, like deafness and voicedness, differ in some positions, but do not differ in others, which leads to the presence in the system of consonants of a correlative series of hard and soft sounds. So, before the vowel [o] there is a difference between [l] - [l"] (cf.: lot - ice [lot - l "ot], but before the sound [e] not only [l] - [l"], but also other paired hard-soft sounds (cf.: [l "es", [v"es], [b"es], etc.).

PHONETIC (SOUND-LETTER) ANALYSIS OF THE WORD

Write down the word.

Place emphasis.

Divide the word into syllables. Count and write down their number.

Write down all the letters of this word in a column, one below the other. Count and write down their number.

Write to the right of each letter, in square brackets, the sound that the letter represents.

Describe the sounds:

Vowel, stressed or unstressed.

Consonant, voiceless or voiced, paired or unpaired; hard or soft, paired or unpaired.

Count and write down the number of sounds.

L, M, N, R, J are the most voiced consonants (sonorant).

B-P, V-F, G-K, D-T, Zh-Sh, 3-S – paired consonants according to voiced-voicelessness.

X, Ts, Ch, Shch are always voiceless consonants.

Ch, Shch, Y are always soft consonants.

Ж, Ш, Ц – always hard consonants

Note.

The letters I, ё, yu, e-iotized.

If these letters come after consonants, then they give
one sound:

I - [a], E - [o], Yu - [y], E - [e]. Linen - [l" o n] - 3 letters, 3 sounds.

If these letters are at the beginning of a word, after vowels and separating signs b and b, then they make 2 sounds:

I - [y"a], E - [y"o], Yu - [y"u], E - [y"e]: Yolka - [y" olk a] - 4 letters, 5 sounds. Sings [pay"o t] – 4 letters, 5 sounds.

The unstressed vowel O under stress gives the sound [o], and without stress [a]:

cat - [cat "and k", starlings - [s quarts];

The unstressed vowel E, under stress gives the sound [e], and without stress [i]:

forest [l "e s], spring [v" isna];

in some words, the consonant before the vowel E is pronounced firmly:

cafe [cafe];

the letter I after the consonants Zh, Sh, produces the sound [s]:

clamp [clamp], tires [tires], circus [circus];

The unstressed vowel Ya under stress gives the sound [a], and without stress [e], [i]:

ball - [m "a h"], rowan - [p "e b" i n a], spot - [p "i t n o];

paired consonants in a weak position (at the end of a word, before a voiceless consonant) are pronounced dull:

mushroom - [gr" and p], bench - [l a f k a];

sometimes in place of the letter Forward of a voiceless consonant the sounds [k] [x] are pronounced:

claws - [k o k t"i], soft - [m" ah "k" and th"];

sometimes the letter C at the beginning of a word is voiced before a voiced consonant:

did - [z" d" e l a l].

between a root and a suffix before soft consonants, consonants can sound soft:

umbrella – [zon "t" and k];

sometimes the letter N denotes a soft consonant sound before the consonants Ch, Shch:

cup - [s t a k a n "ch" and k], changer - [cm "en" sh" and k];

Remember that doubled consonants make a long sound:

group - [group].

Remember that the combinations TSYA, TSYA are pronounced as a long [ts]:

shave - [br"itsa].

Remember that the combination STN is pronounced [sn], ZDN- [zn]:

starry - [zv" zny"], staircase - [l" es "n"itsa].

Remember that sometimes the combination CHN, CHT is pronounced like [sh]:

of course – [kan "eshna], that - [shto].

Remember that in the endings of adjectives OGO, ITS consonant G is pronounced like [v]:

white – [white].

SUBJECT OF PHONETICS.

BASIC PHONETIC UNITS

PHONETICS- a branch of the science of language that studies the sound side of language. Phonetics is a specific system included in common system language. This is a sublevel of general language system, inextricably linked with the entire system, since the basic units of language are words, morphemes, phrases, sentences that represent more high levels, - are signs. Indeed, in addition to the semantic side - designated (values), they all have a material side that is accessible to the senses - denoting(sounds and their combinations). There is a conditional (not natural, not natural) connection between the signified and the signifier. Yes, word dream has a material expression - it is a combination of five sounds that serves to express meaning “something created by the imagination, mentally imagined.” The subject of phonetics is the material (sound) side of language.

Phonetics task – study of methods of formation (articulation) and acoustic properties of sounds, their changes in the speech stream. You can study phonetics for different purposes and different methods. Depending on this, general phonetics, descriptive phonetics, comparative phonetics, historical phonetics, and experimental phonetics are distinguished.

General phonetics based on the material of various languages, examines theoretical issues of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, syllable structure, relationship sound system language to its grammatical system.

Descriptive phonetics explores the sound structure of a particular language in synchronous plan, i.e. at the present stage of language development.

Comparative phonetics explains phenomena in the field of sound structure, referring to the material of related languages.

Historical phonetics traces the formation of phonetic phenomena over more or less long period time, studies changes in the phonetic system that occurred at a certain stage of their development, i.e. studies phonetics in diachronic plan.

Experimental phonetics is part of general phonetics, studies the sound side of the language using instrumental methods.

Thus, phonetics of modern Russian language– this is descriptive phonetics, since phonetic phenomena are considered at a certain stage of language development, at a given point in time.

All phonetic units of language - phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables, sounds - are interconnected by quantitative relationships.

Phrase – the largest phonetic unit, a complete utterance in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. A phrase does not always coincide with a sentence (a sentence can consist of several phrases, and a phrase can consist of several sentences). But even if the phrase coincides with the sentence, then still the same phenomenon is considered with different points vision. In phonetics, attention is paid to intonation, pauses, etc.

Intonation – a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional aspects, which are manifested in successive changes in pitch, speech rhythm (ratio of strong and weak, long and short syllables), speech rate (acceleration and deceleration in the flow of speech), sound strength (intensity of speech), intraphrase pauses, general timbre of the utterance. With the help of intonation, speech is divided into syntagms.

Syntagma – combining two or more phonetic words from a phrase. For example: See you tomorrow I In the evening. See you I tomorrow night. In these sentences, syntagms are separated by a pause. It should be noted that the term “syntagma” is understood differently by scientists. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, in particular, distinguishes syntagma from speech tact as an intonationally formed semantic-syntactic unit of speech, isolated from the composition of the sentence

Speech tact – part of a phrase united by one stress, limited by pauses and characterized by incompleteness intonation (with the exception of the last one). For example: In the hour of trial / let us bow to our fatherland / in Russian / at our feet. (D. Kedrin).

Phonetic word - part of a speech beat (if the phrase is divided into beats) or a phrase united by one stress. A phonetic word can coincide with a word in the lexical and grammatical understanding of this term. A phrase has as many phonetic words as there are stresses in it, i.e. Most often, significant words are highlighted in separate bars. Since some words are not stressed, there are often fewer phonetic words than lexical ones. As a rule, auxiliary parts of speech are unstressed, but significant words may also be unstressed: . Words that do not have stress and are adjacent to other words are called clitics . Depending on the place they occupy in relation to the word with stress, proclitics and enclitics are distinguished. Proclitics They call unstressed words that come in front of the stressed word to which they are adjacent: , enclitics - unstressed words that come after the stressed word to which they are adjacent:, . Proclitics and enclitics are usually function words, but an enclitic can also be a significant word when a preposition or particle takes on the stress: By ´ water[by the way].

Syllable - part of a beat or phonetic word, consisting of one or more sounds, a connection of the least sonorous sound with the most sonorous, which is syllabic (see section “Syllable division. Types of syllables”).

Sound - the smallest unit of speech produced in one articulation. We can also define sound as the smallest phonetic unit distinguished during the sequential division of speech.

In a sound stream, it is customary to distinguish between linear (segmental) (from the Latin segmentum - segment) and supralinear (supersegmental) phonetic units. Linear phonetic units include the sounds of a language or their combinations, located sequentially one after another and forming a hierarchical system; supralinear phonetic units include stress and intonation, which cannot exist separately from the sounds of speech, but only together with them.

Linear phonetic units are sound, syllable, phonetic word, speech beat, phonetic phrase.

A phonetic phrase is the largest phonetic unit, a complete statement in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other phrases by a pause.

A speech beat, or syntagma, is part of a phonetic phrase, a group of words united by one intonation and meaning.

A phonetic word is a part of a speech tact, united by one verbal stress, an independent word together with unstressed function words and particles adjacent to it.

A syllable is part of a phonetic word.

Sound is the smallest phonetic unit.

The selection of these phonetic units is the result of the phonetic division of speech.

Phonetic division of speech is the division of a phrase into syntagms depending on the communicative intention of the speaker.

6. The speech apparatus, its structure and the functions of its individual parts.

The speech apparatus is a set of functions of human organs necessary for the production of speech. It includes:

– respiratory organs, since all speech sounds are formed only during exhalation. These are the lungs, bronchi, trachea, diaphragm, intercostal muscles. The lungs rest on the diaphragm, an elastic muscle that, when relaxed, is dome-shaped. When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, the volume chest increases and inhalation occurs; when they relax, exhale;

– passive speech organs are immobile organs that serve as a fulcrum for active organs. These are teeth, alveoli, hard palate, pharynx, nasal cavity, larynx;

– active speech organs are mobile organs that perform the main work necessary for the formation of sound. These include the tongue, lips, soft sky, small uvula, epiglottis, vocal cords. The vocal cords are two small bundles of muscles attached to the cartilage of the larynx and located almost horizontally across it. They are elastic, can be relaxed and tense, and can be moved apart to different widths;

- the brain, which coordinates the work of the speech organs and subordinates the technique of pronunciation to the creative will of the speaker.

Functions of individual speech organs.

1. Vocal cords are relaxed and open. The glottis is wide open. Air passes through it unhindered. No sound is produced in this case. This is the state vocal cords when pronouncing dull sounds.

2. Vocal cords are close and tense. The glottis is almost closed. An obstacle appears in the path of the air stream. Under the pressure of the air stream, the vocal cords move apart and come closer again, because they are tense. This is how vibrations occur. This is how a tone, a voice, is formed. This is the state of the vocal cords when pronouncing vowels and voiced consonants.

The oral cavity and nasal cavity act as resonators

1. Curtain of the palate. When the velum is lowered, nasal sounds are pronounced, and when it is raised (thrown back), oral (pure) sounds are made.

2. The middle part of the back of the tongue. If the middle part of the back of the tongue rises towards the hard palate, soft consonants are formed. This additional movement of the tongue, superimposed on the main articulation, is called palatalization. When pronouncing hard consonants, there is no palatalization. For the sound [j], palatalization is not an additional, but the main articulation, therefore it is usually called a palatal sound.