Helicobacteria: norm and interpretation of the analysis, test and diagnosis. Blood test for Helicobacter pylori: types, normal values, explanation Analysis of ifa for Helicobacter pylori more than 8

To select the optimal treatment regimen, diagnostic methods are used based on blood serum testing for the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. In this case, the amount of antibodies to the causative agent of helicobacteriosis in the biomaterial of patients is determined. Special attention deserves an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA). Depending on the test result, a conclusion is made about the presence of the disease, the degree of development and the effectiveness of the treatment used.

Indications for diagnostics

Colonization of the gastric mucosa by Helicobacter pylori bacteria is accompanied by the development of ulcerative lesions, carcinogenic tumors, chronic gastritis, manifestations of dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux and irritable bowel syndrome.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) under an electron microscope

Enzyme immunoassay allows you to quickly identify bacterial colonization of the mucous membrane and correctly develop the optimal treatment regimen or further examinations.

Anti-Helicobacter pylori analysis is carried out:

• for diagnostic purposes:

1. Peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.
2. Esophageal ulcers.
3. Non-ulcer dyspepsia.
4. Esophagitis.
5. Atrophic gastritis.
6. from close relatives.
7. Helicobacteriosis infection of close relatives.

• during preventive examination to identify patients at risk;
• to assess the dynamics of treatment;
• for symptoms that raise suspicion of infection:

1. Failure to accept protein foods.
2. Heaviness in the stomach.
3. Frequent vomiting unknown origin, nausea, persistent, belching.
4. Pain in the abdominal region (lower and upper abdomen), decreasing after eating.
5. Weight loss of unknown origin.
6. Constipation and diarrhea.
7. Blood in vomit or stool.

Localization of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

What is a blood test to determine antibody levels?

ELISA consists of examining blood serum and determining antibody titers (concentrations), the presence of which is an indicator of a person’s infection with Helicobacter pylori. They are formed in response to the introduction of genetically alien proteins, in this case, to the microorganism Helicobacter pylori.

The formation of antibodies is part of natural defense mechanisms aimed at eliminating pathogens. If antibodies are detected in the blood during the study, this means that the immune system has reacted to the presence of a harmful microorganism in the body.

More accurate data is obtained by studying the titers of three immunoglobulins A, M, G:

• IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori work as a marker confirming the presence of bacteria in the body. Immunoglobulins of this type are detected from the third to fourth week after infection. But high performance IgG titers are maintained for months after the pathogen has been eliminated;
• IgM antibodies are an indicator of early infection. They, like IgA, are found quite rarely. Their presence signals the onset of early infection and pronounced inflammatory process on the mucous membrane.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of ELISA for the presence of Helicobacter pylori

The advantages include the following:

• high efficiency (more than 92%) of the study; IgG is detected in 95–100% of cases of Helicobacter pylori infection, IgA – in 67–82%, IgM – in 18–20%;
• pathogen detection on early stages infection;
• the ability to monitor deviations from the norm and the dynamics of the disease by comparing immunoglobulin titers in different periods;
• availability of analysis.

An analysis of antibody concentration is relevant if endoscopy is not planned.

An IgG test is used to detect primary infection in a patient with initial symptoms dysfunction of the digestive system. In this case high content IgG gives reason to suspect the development of an active infection.

A positive test result in a patient (with or without symptoms) who has not previously received any treatment will also indicate infection with Helicobacter pylori.

Disadvantages of the method

ELISA can show the immune response to infection, but does not diagnose the presence of the bacterium itself.

IgG antibodies are detected only 20–30 days after the introduction of Helicobacter pylori into the body, since the immune response is triggered with some delay. This leads to the following disadvantages of enzyme immunoassay:

1. The likelihood of a false negative test result in infected patients. This occurs if the microbe first entered the body, but the defense system has not yet responded to the expansion of pathogens by producing antibodies.
2. False positive result in cured patients. IgG antibodies remain present in the blood after complete destruction of the microorganism and in the absence of gastrological manifestations. This is especially true in older people. This means that the Helicobacter ELISA result may be a reaction to a long-treated infection.
3. The likelihood of a false positive result if antibiotic treatment was already carried out before the analysis. Or antibacterial drugs that act against infection were used for other purposes. The IgG concentration remains elevated for up to one and a half years in 50% of patients cured of helicobacteriosis. Therefore, if the test result is positive in a patient who has previously taken antibiotics, it is difficult to distinguish between the state of the infectious process in action and the infection being suppressed and weak, which requires additional research.
4. Low titers are detected when using certain cytostatic agents.
5. Difficulty in conducting accurate differential diagnosis between passive colonization of the gastric cavity by pathogens H. pylori and disease in acute form. This is impossible without taking other data into account.

The shortcomings of the study are compensated by the summary analysis IgG antibodies, IgM and IgA.

With the development of helicobacteriosis, the concentration of immunoglobulin IgG in the blood serum depends on the level of disease activity and decreases after the elimination of the pathogenic bacterial environment. Unlike immunoglobulin type G, antibodies A and M are detected in the blood much earlier after infection. In addition, IgA can be detected in the gastric juice and saliva of a person infected with Helicobacter pylori, which is a symptom of infection itself. high degree activity.

Preparing for the test

Preparation includes the following:

• on the eve of the ELISA study, it is prohibited to drink alcohol or fatty foods;
• exclude physical activity during the day;
• You must donate blood before breakfast; you are allowed to drink water in the morning;
• the interval between the last meal and testing is at least 8–10 hours.
• The test should be taken before starting medication (if possible) or no earlier than 8–14 days after completion of therapy. If treatment is carried out, the referral for analysis includes a list of medications taken and doses.

Conducting the study, cost

The material for analysis is blood serum, which is taken by venipuncture. The collected biomaterial is poured into a test tube containing a special coagulant gel, which makes it possible to isolate plasma (blood serum) for research.

Complications during the blood collection procedure for testing are minimized. In cases of bruising at the site of a vein puncture, dry heat is used to quickly resolve the hematoma.

In different laboratories across the country, the cost of the study ranges from 340 for one type of immunoglobulin to 900 rubles for a total analysis.

You can get a laboratory answer for immunoglobulin G at most 24 hours after taking blood. The study of IgA continues longer. The result is obtained after 8 days.

Blood collection for ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Interpretation of results, normal indicator

There is quantitative and qualitative definition immunoglobulins G, A and M to Helicobacter pylori in blood plasma.

1. A qualitative indicator indicates the presence and absence of antibodies without quantitative assessment. Normally, if the patient is not sick, there are no antibodies. In this case, the laboratory statement indicates that the test for antibodies to H. Pylori is negative.
2. Indicators of the amount of IgG, IgA and IgM are based on reference (threshold) values ​​indicating the norm, with which the obtained data are compared.

Reference standards in laboratories differ in numerical indicators and are assessed in different units. However, on the analysis results form, numbers are entered for the “norm” and deviations from the reference values. When deciphering, you need to take into account what immunoglobulin titers: below the threshold value means a negative test result, above - a positive one.

Table No. 1: Reference values ​​of immunoglobulins in units of measurement U/ml

Many laboratories note indicators at which the result of the ELISA analysis is regarded as “doubtful”. This is a reason to repeat the test after 14–20 days to clarify the diagnosis.

Table No. 2: Interpretation of the test for immunoglobulin G titers to Helicobacter pylori

A refined diagnosis is established after a cumulative assessment of the results of an ELISA blood test for Helicobacter pylori with the study of indicators of the presence of three classes of antibodies to this bacterium.

Structure of antibodies - immunoglobulins A, G, M against Chyloribacter pylori

Table No. 3: Decoding of antibody titers of ELISA analysis in IFE units of measurement

Type	Positive ≥ 30 IFE (for IgG and IgA)	Norm	Negative – less than 30 IFE
IgG	Helicobacteriosis has been cured, antibodies are at the disappearing stage. Active inflammatory process, threat of development of gastritis, stomach cancer, peptic ulcer. Bacterial carriage (if there are no gastrological symptoms).	30	Absence of infection (not high, but low risk of development, but not a complete exclusion of helicobacteriosis). Recent infection (less than 28 days).
IgA	Early period infection, hidden active process. Chronic form of the disease.	30	Early period of infection. The recovery period or antibacterial therapy (IgG disappears before). Absence of helicobacteriosis, but only with negative test results for IgG and IgA.
IgM	Early stage acute infection(antibodies appear 7–8 days after infection).	availability	Early stage of bacterial expansion (up to 10 days after infection). Effective treatment with antibiotics. The healing process. Absence of infection with confirmation of the absence of immunoglobulins of other classes.

If immunoglobulin IgA is not detected, but painful sensations do not subside even with a negative test result for Helicobacter pylori, the test is repeated.

Elevated titers of three classes of immunoglobulins G, A and M indicate the aggressiveness of the infectious process.

A decrease in IgG concentration to 2% within six months indicates the destruction of H. pylori. But if titers do not decrease, this does not mean that the treatment is bad. The absence of IgG antibodies during a repeat test indicates the effectiveness of therapy and suppression of the bacterium. It is advisable to carry out the analysis after completion of therapy, at 10–12 weeks. In this case, the titer of immunoglobulin G to Helicobacter pylori when the infection is suppressed is reduced by 50% or more.

When pathogenic bacteria are suppressed, there is a tendency to a clear decrease in the severity of the inflammatory process in the gastric cavity.

If there are no gastrointestinal symptoms when H. pylori is detected, this is an indication that the stomach is colonized by pathogenic microbes, but the development of helicobacteriosis does not occur.

What are the contraindications for ELISA?

1. Patient agitation.
2. Cramps.
3. Damage to the skin and subcutaneous fat of any origin at the injection site.
4. Phlebitis of the punctured vein.

Why take a blood test for Helicobacter (video)

Enzyme immunoassay blood test for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori - fast, reliable and available method determining the presence and concentration of immunoglobulins A, M, G to Helicobacter pylori. Considering its disadvantages, which include false-positive and false-negative results, to clarify the diagnosis, it is advisable to conduct two tests that determine the presence of helicobacteriosis using different methods.

An increased titer of antibodies to the bacterium H. pylori is often found in healthy people, which does not indicate helicobacteriosis, but an asymptomatic carrier of the bacteria. In this case, the pathogenic microorganism does not cause serious harm. Therefore, the decision to suppress the pathogen through antibacterial therapy is made after a clinical examination, examination of medical history, laboratory examination and taking into account indications and contraindications for treatment.

There are a huge number of medical tests and methods for studying the body. These methods are constantly being improved, and doctors can obtain the necessary information about the patient’s health status from tests. If the patient needs to be examined for diseases associated with the gastrointestinal tract, a Helicobacter test is recommended. This bacterium may be the cause pathological condition, lead to an ulcer and the need for surgery.

Why is bacteria dangerous?

According to various sources, the Helicobacter microorganism is present in the body of 50-90% of the planet's inhabitants. This microorganism can cause many gastrointestinal diseases. Helicobacter pylori, like other microorganisms, is not affected by gastric juice. Bacteria inside the body can only be affected by special medications prescribed by a doctor. Moreover, this microorganism is gram-negative, that is, it is not able to survive in the air, even under normal conditions.

The bacterium has an oblong shape and flagella with which it moves. During its life, it produces ammonia, which negatively affects the gastric environment. Under favorable conditions, bacteria actively multiply. With the growth of the Helicobacter population, its discharge effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract increases. As a result, the development of inflammatory processes begins. In 60% of patients with low acidity gastritis, these bacteria are the cause of the disease. And with a duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer, the chance of detecting Helicobacteriosis is 90%. For diagnosis, blood is donated for Helicobacter pylori and the attending physician is responsible for interpreting the results.

Routes of infection

To determine a health threat, a test for antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and others is used medical tests. This microorganism does not survive in air, which means that the main route of infection is through saliva. You can get the bacteria by kissing an infected person or by sharing the same utensils while eating. Children can become infected from mothers who lick a baby's spoon, pacifier, or test the taste and temperature of a drink by drinking from a baby's cup.

There is also a risk of infection from other children at school when sharing one bottle of water and sharing one sandwich or candy in a friendly manner.

Once the bacterium enters the body, it settles in the stomach. Immediately after this, the production of ammonia and other vital activities of the microorganism begin. In this case, the destructive effect on the gastrointestinal tract can begin immediately, and perhaps the bacterium will remain inside the body for years without showing itself in any way.

To protect yourself, you should always wash your hands thoroughly before eating. You should choose only a good restaurant, where dishes are thoroughly washed and sanitary standards and rules. IN everyday life according to hygiene rules, do not drink from the same cup and do not eat with the same utensils without first washing them using special means or soap. The same rules apply to family members. If one person gets sick, he can infect the whole family.

Alarming symptoms

Deterioration in health usually does not make people want to go to the hospital and get examined. Most often, patients consult a doctor when they feel severe pain or there are other symptoms that interfere with leading a full life. In the case of gastrointestinal diseases, treatment should begin as early as possible in order to prevent possible negative consequences inflammation. The presence of Helicobacter is indicated by the following conditions.

• Pain during and after eating. Some patients complain of very severe pain.
• A feeling of heaviness in the stomach after any, even minor, meal. Many patients describe this condition as the fact that food has “stuck up.”
• Feeling pain during hunger. After eating, the discomfort disappears.
• Nausea, vomiting, disruption of the stomach, inability to digest food.
• The presence of mucous discharge during defecation. Mucus can be a waste product of bacteria and indicate their presence in the body, even if there are no stomach symptoms yet.
• Discomfort, mild pain in the stomach, lack of appetite are the first symptoms of Helicobacteriosis.

If such symptoms appear, you should immediately consult a doctor to find out how to get tested for Helicobacter. Before any examination, it is recommended to refrain from taking medications, alcoholic drinks, coffee and other products that have a negative effect on the gastric mucosa. For diagnosis, a blood test for Helicobacter, stool analysis and other studies are used.

ELISA

Helicobacter pylori can be detected in the blood after a laboratory test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This test uses reactions to determine the presence and amount of specific substances in a blood sample. An analysis for Helicobacter Pylori using ELISA is aimed at identifying the corresponding antibodies in the body, since Helicobacter is not contained in the blood. These specific cells are produced by the body's immune system against the infectious agent.

A blood test for Helicobacter pylori is taken from a vein. Before submitting a biological sample, you should prepare for analysis. A blood sample is taken on an empty stomach; food intake is stopped 8-12 hours before blood collection. Also, within 2 days, alcohol and foods that irritate the stomach are completely eliminated. These factors can distort the final result of the analysis and provide the doctor with unreliable information.

A qualitative test for antibodies is normally negative, which means that the desired bacteria is not in the body. The Helicobacter pylori norm for the number of antibodies in quantitative analysis depends on the laboratory and the reagents used. Quantitative Analysis determines the numerical value of antibodies per unit volume of blood. This indicator allows us to judge the development of the inflammatory process and the severity of the disease. Based on the data obtained, treatment is prescribed.

• Blood tests for IgG Helicobacter Pylori are normally a negative result, and it means that the patient does not have the microorganism. Obtaining the same result is possible with a recent infection. Antibody production may not occur for 3-4 weeks after infection.
• A weak positive result for IgG antibodies will persist for several months after successful treatment of the disease. This result implies the presence of antibodies in the patient’s blood, but in small quantities.
• A positive ELISA test for IgM Helicobacter is characteristic of the early period of development of the disease. If blood tests for antibodies to another type of Helicobacter are negative, and the IgM level is normal, there is no infection.
• Helicobacter IgA ELISA can show a high content of IgA type antibodies, which is characteristic of an actively ongoing inflammatory process that requires immediate treatment.

PCR

Helicobacter bacteria can be detected through stool examination. The recommended research method is the use of polymerase chain reaction or PCR. Other methods of examining stool may not detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori. While passing through the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria enter an environment unfavorable for them and the number of Helicobacter decreases. At the same time, PCR is aimed at searching for the DNA of a pathogenic microorganism and is capable of detecting even large number bacteria. The attending physician will recommend where to take the test; usually the test is carried out in the same hospital as the treatment.

The reliability of the test is 95%.

You need to prepare for submitting a biological sample. Before taking tests, any foods containing large amounts of salts and fiber are excluded from the diet. It is not allowed to eat foods that may have a coloring effect. If the patient has been treated with antibiotics in recent weeks, PCR stool analysis is not suitable for diagnosis.

The result of the study shows the presence or absence of a reaction to Helicobacter pylori as the causative agent of the disease. A positive result means that the patient has antigens to Helicobacter pylori. This reaction means that the patient is either sick and bacteria are active in his body, or the patient has already been treated for Helicobacter in the past.

Other diagnostic methods

Testing for Helicobacter pylori can be done using a special breath test. This is a very simple diagnostic method that does not require special preparation from the patient. The study is carried out in a doctor's office or in a laboratory. The patient needs to breathe for some time into a special tube, and saliva should not get into this tube. Analysis time depends on the type of equipment. Modern devices are more convenient than the first breath tests. During the study, the doctor receives information about the severity of Helicobacter pylori gastric damage.

The result is determined as a percentage and divided into 4 categories.

• A mild degree of infection is diagnosed when the rate exceeds 1%.
• Average damage is observed at 3.5-6.4%.
• A severe degree of infection is diagnosed at an indicator of 6.5-9.5%.
• If the 9.5% mark is exceeded, the patient's condition is described as extremely serious.

Gastroscopy or FGDS study is carried out in a medical institution. In this case, using a medical probe, the doctor removes tiny particles of the stomach mucosa for detailed examination. This procedure is described by patients as unpleasant.

Despite this, FGDS is a reliable medical study.

FGDS diagnostics can show the degree of infection of the patient with Helicobacteriosis. The procedure should be done in a doctor's office under the supervision of a specialist. A weak indicator is designated as a result of research as “+” and means that the body is infected to an insignificant extent. Moderate infection is marked “++”, and significant infection “+++”.

Tissue biopsy is recognized by doctors all over the world as one of the most accurate tests. The research method shown is aimed at searching for bacteria in a biological sample of the patient. A sample of cells must be taken from the stomach during fibrogastroduodenoscopy. When testing for Helicobacter, it is good to avoid significantly damaged areas with ulcers or scars. The result of the analysis can reveal 3 degrees of infection, just like FGDS.

You can donate blood for Helicobacter in any commercial or municipal laboratory. Other types of tests are usually performed in a well-equipped facility. Which bacteria test is best depends on clinical symptoms patient and technological capabilities medical institution. The results of the Helicobacter analysis are given to the person personally; some laboratories provide an electronic version of the analysis result, which significantly saves time.

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped microorganism that lives in the human stomach and duodenum. Its activity leads to the development of many pathologies - gastritis, ulcerative and erosive lesions, the formation of polyps, hepatitis, oncology, etc. Analysis for Helicobacter pylori involves serological reaction, which allows you to determine the presence of antibodies in a person’s blood or a study of stool. Let's take a closer look at the bacterium Helicobacter Pilori, what it is, and how to donate blood and feces.

What is Helicobacter pylori?

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium. A microscopic organism that does not have cell nucleus. In fact, this is the oldest form of life that is widespread in environment. It is found not only in the human body, but also in the craters of volcanoes.

For your information, according to the latest statistics, Helicobacter pylori is present in the body of more than 60% of the population. Infectious pathology ranks second in prevalence after the herpes virus.

Many strains of microorganisms are simply necessary for normal operation human body - they contribute to the production of certain components, for example, vitamin K, which provide protection epithelial tissue and mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract and external skin from pathogenic bacteria.

Along with beneficial microbes, there are many microorganisms that pose a threat not only to human health, but also to human life. They provoke development typhoid fever, cholera, plague, gas gangrene, tetanus and other diseases.

Helicobacter pylori is a pathogenic microbe, but is characterized by certain distinctive features:

Helicobacter Pilori, unlike other pathogens, is able to survive in the acidic environment of the stomach. This discovery led to a real revolution in medical practice, and its authors received the Nobel Prize in 2005.

How to get tested?

In modern medical practice, there are several ways to help identify the presence of pathogen. The doctor may recommend donating blood for antibodies to Helicobacter (if antibodies are present in the analysis, this indicates recognition of the bacterium by the immune system).

As an alternative, testing for Helicobacter is carried out through stool examination - if infected, the presence of genetic material of the pathogen is detected in the feces. A breath test is also performed to detect the activity of bacteria in the human stomach. Cytological examination followed by examination under a microscope.

It is worth knowing: in order to increase the accuracy of diagnosis and eliminate false results, it is recommended to conduct at least two tests that determine the presence of Helicobacter pylori using different methods.

Preparing for a stool test

So, how to get tested for Helicobacter pylori? Stool analysis is the most convenient test for patients, since it does not involve trauma to the body and does not require the patient’s presence in the outpatient clinic. That is why it is often recommended for young children, elderly people and seriously ill people.

Stool testing is carried out using polymerase chain reaction, the accuracy of the study varies from 90 to 92%. However, be sure to take into account that after the eradication of pathogenic microorganisms, the decoding of the analysis will show a positive result, since DNA fragments of dead microbes will leave.

The analysis is taken before the start of anti-Helicobacter treatment, since the use of antibacterial and other drugs significantly reduces the reliability of the results. Preparation for the test begins three days before the test:

1. Three days before collection biological material excluded from the diet dietary fiber, coloring components, inorganic salts;
2. It is prohibited to take medications that increase intestinal motility;
3. The use of antibiotics leads to a high probability of obtaining a false result.

It is also not recommended to use laxatives, do enemas, or use medical suppositories. All this makes stool unusable for laboratory research. Stool collection is carried out in morning time, then submitted to the laboratory.

The result of the analysis may be affected by pathological impurities in feces, which are associated with diseases of the digestive and gastrointestinal tract, especially their final sections ( we're talking about about mucus, blood, pus, bile).

Preparing for a blood test

As noted above, in order to make a diagnosis with 100% probability and detect the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, at least two studies are carried out. Therefore, the answer to the question of how to identify Helicobacter pylori will be an antibody test.

It is imperative to prepare for the test. The day before, eliminate physical and emotional stress. They modify their diet, stop consuming alcoholic beverages and medications.

Note: a blood test for Helicobacter is taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Blood is drawn from a vein. The procedure is painless, but is tolerated differently by patients. If the body is weakened, it is recommended to eat a piece of chocolate or drink sweet tea after the analysis - this will help avoid dizziness.

The determination of antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori is carried out using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent method - the plasma of a biological fluid is examined, during which it is possible to determine the concentration of antibodies to the causative agent of the disease.

When in human body a foreign protein penetrates, and it is a bacterium, then they turn on immune mechanisms protection, including the formation of antibodies that help destroy the pathogen - a foreign object in the blood. Therefore, when it is possible to detect a foreign agent in blood or other biological fluid, this indicates that it was in the body and is recognized by the immune system.

Decoding the results

Deciphering a blood test for Helicobacter pylori is the prerogative of the treating doctor, since certain nuances need to be taken into account. Before we voice them, let’s consider what types of stool tests there are.

A stool test for Helicobacter pylori can be positive or negative. In the first case, the pathogen was detected by laboratory diagnostics, in the second option, the examination did not reveal the genetic material of the foreign agent.

However, the study of stool can be interpreted in two ways:

• A negative result may indicate the absence of pathogenic bacteria in the body or violations of the rules for preparing for the study;
• A positive result indicates past infection previously or about the pathology at the moment.

IgG antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori are the most common class of immunoglobulins. In fact, these are protein substances that begin to be produced 21-28 days after infection.

Important: antibodies to Helicobacter pylori of the IgG class remain for a month after the elimination of the pathogen, which should be taken into account when interpreting laboratory tests.

IgM is a small fraction relative to protein components. Their presence in the patient’s blood indicates infection much earlier than antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori IgG. IgA antibodies are called secretory immunoglobulins. They can be found in any human biological fluid - blood, saliva, urine. If they are present, then this indicates the intensity of the pathological process.

When deciphering the results, the quantitative and qualitative determination of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA in the flame liquid differs. With qualitative detection, Helicobacter pylori is not normally detected. In this case, the form says negative. For quantitative detection, reference values ​​are used, the norms of which depend on the laboratory. The results form must include numbers and standards. Some centers identify indicators that are classified in the gray zone, which means they are questionable.

Explanation:

1. IgG (if the number above the permissible limit is indicated) – the presence of infection in the body or the initial period after eradication. Normally there should be no bacteria.
2. IgM (above the permissible value) – early period of infection. If normal against the background of others. negative results, then there is no disease.
3. IgA (more than normal) – high activity of the pathological process is determined.

If everything IgG immunoglobulins, IgA and IgM over normal value, this speaks of high activity infectious process, therefore, when interpreting the results, total antibodies must be taken into account.

In conclusion, one study on Helicobacter Pilori, even with positive result- This is not a definitive diagnosis. Infection is diagnosed only by two positive tests, accordingly, appoint drug treatment. After therapy, the study is carried out again to evaluate its effectiveness.

General information about the study

Helicobacter pylori (Helicobacter pylori), IgA, are specific immunoglobulins ( immune antibodies) class A to the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Test for Helicobacter pylori, IgA (quantitative), – laboratory test blood serum by enzyme immunoassay, which is carried out in order to detect infection caused by Helicobacter pylori in the wall of the stomach and duodenum based on the IgA titer to this type of pathogen.

Helicobacter pylori is a type of microorganism that can infect the mucous membrane of the stomach and/or duodenum and, under certain circumstances, can cause gastritis, duodenitis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as malignant tumors stomach. The name "Helicobacter pylori" literally translates as "spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the pylorus of the stomach."

The importance of Helicobacter pylori in the development of diseases of the stomach and duodenum has been proven relatively recently. For a long time It was believed that bacteria could not exist in the acidic environment of the stomach. Intensive research in this area began in the early 80s of the 20th century. To date, a large amount of data on this problem has already been accumulated, and the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcers by eliminating helicobacteriosis is a generally accepted practice.

Helicobacteriosis is the most common infection worldwide. It is believed that 60% of the world's population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori. However, in developing countries the prevalence of this infection is much higher (up to 100% of the adult population) than in developed countries (20-65%), which is associated with the influence of sanitary and hygienic living conditions of people.

In most cases, infection occurs in childhood, the pathogen is transmitted from person to person. The presence of infection in parents is a factor of increased risk of infection in children. However, only a small proportion of infected individuals may develop obvious symptoms disease, and this can occur after a significant period of time (months and years) after infection.

After entering the stomach, Helicobacter pylori penetrates into the layer of mucus covering the wall of the stomach and penetrates deep into the mucous membrane cells. There, bacteria begin to produce ammonia and enzymes that break down stomach mucus. Ammonia reduces acidity gastric juice, which reflexively enhances its formation and secretion by the stomach. The destruction of mucus leads to disruption of the layer that protects the mucous membrane from self-digestion, resulting in chemical damage to the gastric wall. In addition, Helicobacter pylori produces specific toxins that cause an immune response from the body, as well as structural changes and cell death in the wall of the stomach and/or duodenum. The combination of all these factors leads to inflammation, and in more severe cases, ulcers.

However, there is no clear relationship between the presence of infection and the severity of the disease, and in many cases there are no signs of health problems at all. Currently, this is explained by the fact that Helicobacter pylori comes in several varieties, which have different abilities to cause disease - from very aggressive to almost harmless. In addition, various additional factors are important that can contribute to weakening the body and creating favorable conditions for the development of the disease: dietary habits, decreased immunity, chronic fatigue, etc.

The disease can manifest itself as pain, a feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating, nausea, heartburn, an unpleasant and/or sour taste in the mouth and/or bad breath, and sour belching.

The development of the infectious process is accompanied by an immune response from the body. One of the manifestations of immune defense is the accumulation of specific immunoglobulins (antibodies) in the blood: IgA and IgG. Laboratory analysis blood serum testing for these antibodies is used in the complex diagnosis of helicobacteriosis.

IgA is detected 2-3 weeks after infection and possibly for several subsequent years. Thus, the detection of IgA indicates infection with Helicobacter pylori. The absence of a decrease in IgA titers over time is a sign of non-declining activity of the infectious process. In addition, IgA is responsible for immune protection directly at the site of the infectious process (local immunity). In this regard, it is believed that the level of IgA depends on the severity of inflammation in the wall of the stomach/duodenum. Successful treatment is accompanied by a decrease in the level of IgA, which makes it possible to judge the effectiveness of the therapy by analysis. The results of the analysis are given in quantitative form in the form of antibody titer values. The antibody titer reflects the intensity of the infectious process.

What is the research used for?

• For the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori, among other research methods, for symptoms of gastritis and/or gastric ulcer.
• To determine the severity of infection and/or inflammatory process in the wall of the stomach and/or duodenum caused by helicobacteriosis.
• To evaluate the effectiveness therapeutic measures carried out for Helicobacter pylori infection.
• For the diagnosis of helicobacteriosis in high-risk groups for the purpose of preventive treatment.

When is the study scheduled?

• For symptoms of gastritis, duodenitis and/or peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum: pain, heaviness in upper sections stomach after eating, nausea, heartburn, unpleasant and/or sour taste in the mouth and/or bad breath, sour belching.
• When it is necessary to assess the severity of the inflammatory/infectious process caused by Helicobacter pylori.
• If during the treatment of helicobacteriosis there is a need to evaluate the adequacy of therapeutic measures or their final results.
• During preventive examinations of persons at increased risk of developing gastritis and/or peptic ulcer stomach in order to take measures to prevent the disease.

The small spiral-shaped pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori, or Helicobacter pylori, is actually quite common.

It ranks second in infection among the population after herpes.

Since testing for Helicobacter pylori is carried out only as prescribed by a doctor, it can only be determined in an advanced state, when the bacterium has already spread throughout the body. The microorganism is not sensitive to the acidic environment of the stomach, as well as to the effects of many antibiotics, so its treatment is usually complex and long-term.

There are no diagnostic indicators such as Helicobacter pylori normal. It is individual for each person. In some cases, it is not subject to therapy if a person has chronic pathologies and diseases.

Particularly dangerous is a bacterium that quickly spreads throughout the body due to its special structure, small size, equal to only 3 microns, and special flagella. There can be 4-6 of them. Even protective immune systems organisms cannot affect the microorganism.

At unfavorable conditions changes from a spiral shape to a spherical shape of the coccus bacterium. Interacts with the epithelium and walls of the stomach, causes the synthesis of ammonia and neutralizes the acidity of gastric juice.

However, Helicobacter pylori has characteristic symptoms manifestations:

1. pain during and after eating;
2. regular heartburn;
3. unpleasant odor and bitter taste in the mouth;
4. nausea;
5. mucus in stool or constipation;
6. indigestion;
7. cold, damp extremities;
8. low blood pressure;
9. heart rate is reduced;
10. pale skin color.

In this case, you need to go through full examination to establish the exact cause of such violations. It is mandatory to take a blood test for the Helicobacter bacterium, as well as for the presence of protective antibodies igg.

Otherwise, health complications are possible:

1. gastritis;
2. ulcerative lesions of the duodenum;
3. dysbacteriosis;
4. atopic dermatitis;
5. dysentery;
6. cancer, neoplasms.

In case of any violations, you should contact a gastroenterologist who will conduct the necessary examination, give a referral for diagnosis and begin the correct intensive treatment of the Helicobacter pylori bacterium.

A respiratory test is often used, which involves studying the urease activity of the bacteria in the body or the release of gas. It is suggested to take a breath test when a patient first contacts a specialist or to monitor the process of therapeutic therapy.

The procedure is carried out in two ways:

• indicator plastic tube;
• digital device.

In these cases, the patient places the device in oral cavity without touching the palate or tongue. Moving during the breath test is prohibited. The first stage of the examination lasts no more than 6 minutes. Take a break from taking urea solution. The second stage lasts the same 6 minutes. At this point the research is considered complete.

The urease breath test for Helicobacter pylori has a normal value of “0”. This is the difference between the two stages of the examination. It is measured in ppm.

Other results indicate the presence of bacteria in the body:

• 1.5 – 3.5. Inactive phase;
• 3.5 – 5.5. Low activity;
• 5.5 – 7. Manifestation of a microorganism;
• 7 - 15. Vigorous activity;
• 15 and above. The amount of Helicobacter pylori in the blood is high.

For the analysis to be successful, you should not smoke 3 hours before, eat after 10 pm the day before, or consume legumes or fermented milk products. Taking antibiotics and alcoholic beverages is prohibited. Be sure to brush your teeth in the morning.

Blood test for Helicobacter

Not every person is prescribed a more accurate and thorough blood test for bacteria as an examination. For this there must be a reason and a serious deterioration in health in the form of ulcerative lesions, gastritis, digestive system disorders, gastroenterologist suspicions of microorganisms:

• decreased immune system;
• genetic predisposition to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• infection of one of the family members;
• prevention;
• treatment evaluation.

Any visitor to the clinic can undergo examination voluntarily and, if desired, receive a referral from a specialist.

ELISA blood test for the presence of Helicobacter pylori

A study using special staining enzymes to determine the titers or concentration of IgG, antibodies to Helicobacter pylori. Enzyme immunoassay is performed using classes A, M and G.

These immunoglobulin indicators indicate the number of pathogenic microorganisms:

• IgG. Appear on early stage infection. In 3-4 weeks. Increased number titres warns of protracted long-term life of pylori in the body;
• IgM. The presence of bacteria on the mucous membrane. Primary penetration.

False positive and false negative results are often observed. This is due to incubation period course of the disease. More than 50% of all people who have undergone treatment and gotten rid of microorganisms can still show its presence for a long time.

The explanation when a blood test shows the normal level of immunoglobulins is as follows:

1. A is less than 0.9 U/ml;
2. G less than 0.9 U/ml;
3. M less than 30 U/ml.

When any indicator increases, the decoding has different indicator values:

• IgG. The early period corresponds to 3-4 weeks of infection;
• IgM. If there are no other antibodies, then the result is negative;
• IgA. Active acute phase.

The norm for the presence of an inflammatory process and infection is 30 for IgG and IgA antibodies. If immunoglobulin IgA is not detected in the results, the study must be repeated. With increased levels of IgG, IgA, IgM, there is a danger of exacerbation of infection.

PCR diagnostics for Helicobacter pylori

Another method that does not use serum testing, but a full blood test and the presence of DNA of a foreign bacteria in it, followed by its study and comparison with previously obtained samples. Taking other materials is less common: feces, urine, saliva. A biopsy is performed.

Stool tests for Helicobacter are often taken. The diagnostic success rate is estimated at 93%.

But when the patient recovers, the bacterial DNA can remain in the material and samples for a long time. A blood test also shows dead cells of a foreign microorganism.

A positive answer indicates the presence of Helicobacter pylori, a negative answer indicates the absence. False positive and negative results are also common. In this case, the PCR blood test or material collection is repeated again.

There is an instant detection of bacterial infection by Helicobacter. This is a small test strip containing a coloring enzyme. Reminds me breath analysis. Ease of use consists in independently determining the acute course of the disease.

Simple and decoding analysis:

1. "+++". Within the first 60 minutes after the examination. Indicates inflammation and exacerbation;
2. "++". The manifestation is observed after 2-3 hours. Low degree of infection;
3. "+". The indicator colored slightly within 24 hours. Slight presence of microorganisms.

The initial color of the dough is orange. Gradually, as it passes, the strip should change to a crimson hue. If there is no change in the palette, the analysis is negative.

Biopsy for Helicobacter pylori

It is a cytological laboratory study of the material taken for examination. To obtain a sample, the gastroscopy method (FGDS) with a special probe for collecting the sample is used.

Rules for performing a biopsy:

• morning hours on an empty stomach;
• stopping antibiotics;
• Avoid drinking and eating the day before. 10 hours before sample collection.

Carrying out this study is convenient because it is simultaneously possible to observe changes in the digestive organs visually and carry out analysis.

Decoding the biopsy is simple:

• Helicobacter pylori norm – complete absence bacteria;
• positive result. If at least 1 representative of the microorganism is detected.

The convenience of this diagnostic method also lies in determining the number of bacteria:

1. "+". Up to 20 individuals;
2. "++". The smear shows about 40 bacteria;
3. "+++". The sample is full of microorganisms.

Sometimes the material taken is placed under a microscope. In an acute inflammatory process, all individuals are visualized.

Treatment regimen for Helicobacter pylori bacteria

Detection of a dangerous bacterium in the body that provokes complications such as gastritis, ulcerative lesions and lesions in duodenum and stomach, there was a need to search for intensive treatment. It involves the use of not only antibiotics, but also various chemotherapy drugs.

Also often used medicines against bacteria and to reduce the secretion of gastric juice. Getting rid of microorganisms on your own is impossible.

Only an experienced gastroenterologist can get the correct recovery plan:

• first. Provides for use 2 antibacterial drugs and 1 means to reduce the secretion of gastric juice;
• second. Antibacterial agents– 2 purposes, 1 – against the secretion of juice from the stomach, 1 bismuth preparation.

There is another treatment scheme. It is used when bacteria do not react sensitively to antibiotics and to two courses of previous therapy. These are the majority of cases.

The most common means to combat Helicobacter pylori:

• "Tetracycline". Suppresses intestinal microflora, inhibits bacteria. Daily dosage – 0.25 – 0.5 grams 4 times. It is possible to increase the intake during exacerbation - 0.5-1 grams every 12 hours;
• "Flemoxin". If the course is weak, a daily dose is prescribed - 500-750 mg 2 times. For complications, daily dosage is 0.75-1 gram 3 times.
• "Levofloxacin". Daily dosage: 500 mg 2 times. Duration of therapy is 14 days.

The treatment is completely under the supervision of a doctor. Laboratory testing is carried out regularly correct passage drug therapy. Additionally, drugs are included to restore the functioning of the digestive organs and stomach.