The bearer of certain. Electronic storage media - what is it? Do you have pain in the right side under the ribs of a aching character after physical activity

08.03.2020 -

HIV carriage is a condition in which a pathogen is present in the body of an infected person, but clinically the pathology does not manifest itself in any way. The danger is that the patient poses a threat to those in contact, because despite the absence of symptoms, he is a source of retrovirus.

The carrier of the HIV virus can only be identified by the results of tests for the content of antibodies in the blood. This is due to the fact that in a small number of people the immune system is capable of actively resisting the retrovirus, which ensures a protracted course of the "seronegative" period of the disease, lengthening the time of manifestation of the first clinical symptoms immunodeficiency.

This action of a protective reaction is provided by a large number of macrophages, which have the ability to actively fight against pathogenic microflora. Often, retroviruses at the first stages of introduction into immune system organisms meet precisely these cells. With such a hyperreaction of the body's immune status to the introduction of pathogens into the human body, the so-called carriage of HIV infection is formed.

Carrier of HIV infection: what is it?

An HIV carrier and spreader is a person who, when passing tests for immunodeficiency, is determined to be positive for the presence of the virus in the blood. At the same time, the characteristic clinical picture, corresponding to the various stages of the course of the disease, is not observed. And therefore it is impossible to suspect the disease clinically.

Can a person be a carrier of HIV? The virus only infects humans. In nature, the microorganism is found in African monkeys and wild chimpanzees. Although these animals do not suffer from such a sharp damage to the immune system as humans. A person is the only representative who can get sick or become a carrier of the AIDS virus.

Why are AIDS carriers dangerous to society?

In this pathology, there are several types of infectiousness of the patient without the development of the corresponding symptoms:

Carriage of a retrovirus in the first 6 months from the moment of human infection. This condition is most dangerous for the patient's sexual partners and for his possible blood recipients. If a possible HIV infection is suspected, blood is not taken from a future donor, since this period may coincide with a seronegative window in which the pathogen is not detected in the cells of the body.
The presence of a microorganism that is formed during the subclinical course of the disease. At the same time, tests for immunodeficiency are positive, but it is impossible to determine it clinically, since prolonged subfebrile condition, an increase lymph nodes all groups, sweating, significant weakness and other symptoms are not observed.
The carrier state that is formed in people with strong immunity. In such cases, in immune status Humans have many cells (macrophages, T-lymphocytes, T-helpers) that provide an intensive and constant fight against the virus. At the same time, the carrier of HIV does not get sick, but has the ability to infect people with whom it contacts through unprotected contact, due to blood transfusion or at the birth of a child. The secret released during intercourse includes a large number of cells that contain the HIV (AIDS) virus.

What does an HIV carrier mean for a person?

This condition is treated with antiretroviral therapy and gives a chance to keep the immune system functioning as long as possible, which will provide protection from the active reproduction of opportunistic flora. It is the spread and reproduction of these microorganisms that leads to the aggravation of human health and the reduction of his life.

Developing HIV infection without showing symptoms in a person is quite possible and very common in society. This form of the disease is the cause of the rapid spread of the disease among the population. For a person, such a condition is like a slow-acting bomb, at any moment capable of leading to a lightning-fast form of AIDS and imminent death.

Mar 28, 2017, 13:51

HIV sustainability in the external environment
The infectious process caused by a retrovirus proceeds slowly, accompanied by damage to all body systems, especially the nervous and immune systems. Subsequently, opportunistic infections occur. Also, against the background of the disease, ...

Reviews and comments

Hello, my name is Vasily. Can I find out if they told me that I have HIV for sure, but they didn’t show me the analysis and I just can’t understand at all: am I a carrier or not? And in general, is it possible to have intimate sex life with a healthy person. Answer, please, otherwise I don’t want to live anymore.

Information carrier- the physical environment directly storing information. The main carrier of information for a person is his own biological memory (human brain). A person's own memory can be called working memory. Here the word "operational" is synonymous with the word "fast". Learned knowledge is reproduced by a person instantly. We can also call our own memory internal memory, since its carrier - the brain - is inside us.

Information carrier- a strictly defined part of a particular information system, which serves for intermediate storage or transmission of information.

The basis of modern information technologies- It's a computer. When it comes to computers, we can talk about storage media as external storage devices (external memory). These data carriers can be classified according to various features, for example, according to the type of execution, the material from which the carrier is made, etc. Here is one of the options for classifying media:

Tape media

Magnetic tape- a magnetic recording medium, which is a thin flexible tape consisting of a base and a magnetic working layer. The working properties of a magnetic tape are characterized by its sensitivity during recording and signal distortion during recording and playback. The most widely used is a multilayer magnetic tape with a working layer of needle-shaped particles of magnetically hard powders of gamma-iron oxide (y-Fe2O3), chromium dioxide (CrO2) and gamma-iron oxide modified with cobalt, usually oriented in the direction of magnetization during recording.

Disk media refer to machine media with direct access. The concept of direct access means that the PC can “access” the track on which the section with the required information begins or where new information needs to be written.

Disk drives are the most diverse:

Floppy disk drives (FPHD), they are also floppy disks, they are also floppy disks

Hard disk drives (HDD), they are also hard drives (popularly just "screws")

Optical CD drives:

CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM)

In floppy disk drives (NGMD or floppy disks) and hard disk drives (HDD or hard drives), the basis for recording, storing and reading information is the magnetic principle, and in laser disk drives - the optical principle.

Flexible magnetic disks placed in a plastic case. This storage medium is called a floppy disk. A floppy disk is inserted into a disk drive that rotates the disk at a constant angular velocity. The magnetic head of the drive is installed on a certain concentric track of the disk, on which information is written (or read).

The information capacity of a floppy disk is small and amounts to only 1.44 MB. The speed of writing and reading information is also low (about 50 KB / s) due to the slow rotation of the disk (360 rpm).

Hard magnetic disks.

Hard disk (HDD - Hard Disk Drive) refers to non-replaceable disk magnetic drives. The first hard drive was developed by IBM in 1973 and had a capacity of 16 KB. Hard magnetic disks are several tens of disks placed on the same axis, enclosed in a metal case and rotating at a high angular velocity. The speed of writing and reading information from hard disks is quite high (about 133 MB / s) due to the fast rotation of disks (7200 rpm).

Failures occur during the operation of the computer. Viruses, power outages, software errors - all this can cause damage to the information stored on your hard drive. Damage to information does not always mean loss of it, so it is useful to know how it is stored on the hard drive, because then it can be restored. Then, for example, if the boot area is damaged by a virus, it is not at all necessary to format the entire disk (!), but, after restoring the damaged area, continue normal work with the preservation of all their priceless data.

Hard disks use rather fragile and miniature elements. To preserve the information and performance of hard drives, it is necessary to protect them from shocks and sudden changes in spatial orientation during operation.

Laser drives and disks.

In the early 80s, the Dutch company Philips announced a revolution in the field of sound reproduction. Its engineers came up with something that is now very popular - These are laser discs and players.

Laser disk drives use the optical principle of reading information. On CD (CD - Compact Disk, compact disc) and DVD (DVD - Digital Video Disk, digital video disc) laser discs, information is recorded on one spiral track (like on a gramophone record) containing alternating sections with different reflectivity. The laser beam falls on the surface of a rotating disk, and the intensity of the reflected beam depends on the reflectivity of the track section and acquires the values 0 or 1. To preserve information, laser disks must be protected from mechanical damage (scratches), as well as from contamination. Laserdiscs store information that was recorded on them during the manufacturing process. Writing new information to them is not possible. Such discs are produced by stamping. There are CD-R and DVD-R discs that can only be written to once. On the CD-R discs W and DVD-RW information can be written/rewritten multiple times. Disks different types can be distinguished not only by markings, but also by the color of the reflective surface.

Flash based devices.

Flash memory is a non-volatile type of memory that allows data to be written and stored on chips. Devices based on flash-memory have no moving parts, which ensures high data safety when used in mobile devices.

Flash memory is a microchip placed in a miniature package. To write or read information, the drives are connected to a computer via a USB port. The information capacity of memory cards reaches 1024 MB.

This booklet is for people who are considering taking a carrier test. genetic diseases or those who have already passed it. The brochure contains information about the meaning of the term "carrier", how it can be assumed to be a carrier of genetic diseases, what are the practical and emotional consequences of testing. A significant part of the information was obtained during a conversation with people who have passed such testing. We hope you find this brochure helpful.

What does "carrier" mean?

To explain the meaning of the concept of "carrier", it is necessary to briefly explain what genes and chromosomes are.

Genes and chromosomes

Our body is made up of millions of cells. Most cells contain a complete set of genes. Humans have thousands of genes. Genes can be compared to instructions that are used to control growth and coordinate the work of the whole organism. Genes are responsible for many traits of our body, such as eye color, blood type, or height.

Genes are located on thread-like structures called chromosomes. Normally, most body cells contain 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are passed on to us from our parents - 23 from mom and 23 from dad, so we often look like our parents. So we have two sets of 23 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Since genes are located on chromosomes, we inherit two copies of each gene, one copy from each parent. Chromosomes (hence genes) are made up of a chemical compound called DNA.

Changes in genes or chromosomes that lead to the development of genetic diseases are called mutations, and each person has a certain number of mutations. But since most of our genes are present in two copies, the normal copy compensates for the function of the altered copy. Thus, “carrier” means a condition when a person has one altered copy of a gene in a pair of chromosomes, but he does not suffer from a genetic disease, since the second copy of the gene is normal. As a rule, the carrier does not affect health, but problems may arise due to the increased likelihood of the carrier having a child with a hereditary disease.

In what cases can parents-carriers give birth to a child with a genetic disease?

There are three situations in which being a carrier may cause an affected child to be born:

1. Autosomal recessive diseases

For these diseases, the risk of having an affected child occurs only if both parents have a mutation in the same gene for the same disease. The fact that a child will inherit altered copies of the gene from both parents, that is, the risk of having an affected child, is estimated at 25% (1 in 4) for each pregnancy. This probability does not depend on the gender of the child. The most common autosomal recessive diseases include cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, and spinal amyotrophy. More information about this information can be found in the brochure "Recessive Inheritance".

2. X-linked diseases

For this group of diseases, a healthy carrier mother has a 50% risk of having sick sons. The same risk (50%) of having healthy carrier daughters (same as mother). In very rare cases, the daughter may be sick. If a male is the carrier of an X-linked disease, then all of his daughters will inherit the altered gene and be carriers of the disease, while his sons will never inherit the altered gene and will be healthy. More information about this information can be found in the brochure X-linked Inheritance. The most common X-linked disorders include fragile X syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and hemophilia.

3. Chromosomal rearrangements

If a parent is a carrier of a chromosomal rearrangement (for example, a balanced chromosome translocation), there is an increased risk of miscarriage or birth of a child with physical or mental retardation. More information can be found in the brochures Chromosomal disorders and Chromosomal Translocations.

Can I be a carrier?

There are several reasons that may increase the risk of being a carrier of a certain genetic disease or chromosomal rearrangement.

There are patients in your family with a recessive or X-linked hereditary disease or a chromosomal rearrangement.
Someone in your family has learned that they are a carrier of a certain recessive or X-linked disease or chromosomal rearrangement.
Your child has a recessive or X-linked disorder or chromosomal rearrangement.
You belong to a certain ethnic group, which increases the likelihood of being a carrier of a certain hereditary disease. For example, people of Afro-Caribbean origin have an increased frequency of carriage of sickle cell anemia, people from the Mediterranean have a periodic disease, and Chuvash people have recessive osteopetrosis. These diseases are more common in certain ethnic groups, but can also occur among other nationalities.

If you don't have any of these reasons, your decision to have a carrier test may be because your partner is a carrier for a certain recessive disorder. In this case, the results of the analysis will help you find out if there is an increased risk of the disease for your future children.

How can I find out if I am a carrier?

If you think you may be a carrier for any hereditary disease, talk to your doctor about it. Your doctor may refer you for a consultation with a geneticist. The geneticist will ask you questions about hereditary diseases in your family, discuss with you the meaning of being a carrier and the consequences of testing depending on whether you are a carrier or not. It is important to remember that testing is a personal and completely voluntary choice - you should not be pressured by anyone if you think you do not need it.

If you decide to get tested, and the doctor also believes that there is a reason for this, you will be offered a genetic analysis. This analysis will be able to determine if there is a mutation in a particular gene or chromosome. Usually, a blood sample is taken for analysis, sometimes saliva is used. Your sample will be sent to the laboratory. More detailed information about genetic testing, see the pamphlets What is Genetic Testing? and “What happens in the genetics lab?”

It is important to remember that carrier parents have a chance of having an affected child with a recessive disease only if both parents carry mutations in the same gene for the same disease. In the case of X-linked diseases, the carrier mother has the risk of having affected sons, and all daughters of the carrier father will be carriers. In rare cases, women are affected by X-linked diseases.

Uncertainty in test results

Sometimes the results of genetic testing can be indeterminate. For some diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, there is a risk of being a carrier even if no mutations were detected during testing. This is called residual (residual) risk. This is explained by the fact that hundreds of mutations are known, leading to the development this disease, but, as a rule, only the most common mutations are determined during testing.

Another uncertain situation arises if a mutation is found, the effect of which is not clear. In these cases no definite conclusion can be drawn.

What to do if you find out you are a carrier

The following are statements from people who shared their personal experience passing a carrier test. People describe how they feel, and this can be especially helpful for those who have recently become aware of their carrier status, or who have not yet decided whether or not to get tested. We have tried to present a variety of opinions and experiences that are associated with being a carrier, although not all of them may be close to you.

What would be my reaction if positive result(confirmation of carriage)?

When receiving the results of the analysis, people react very differently. Many note that they experienced a feeling of anger or anxiety when they first learned that they are carriers. Some say they were very upset, surprised or shocked. All of these reactions are normal in this situation. For most people, these feelings subside after a few months.

“When I found out that I am a carrier, and my partner is also a carrier, it was a real blow, and if you also look at the statistics ... to be one of the very few, and besides, meeting the same partner is a terrible bad luck ...” (carrier Tay-Sachs disease).

“When she first found out about her carrier, it made a strong impression on her. She was very angry that she was a carrier” (husband of a haemophilia carrier).

Don't be surprised if you experience unexpected emotions when you find out you are a carrier. Some people say that it was very strange to learn something new about yourself when it seems that everything has already been known for a long time. To get used to new information it may take time.

“Feelings are as if I were loaded with a burden of heredity with myopia, a tendency to obesity and others” (Tay-Sachs disease carrier)

Some people say that when they found out they were carriers, they felt "less healthy". Others are concerned that they will have more health problems in the future. These reactions are completely normal, but you should know that being a carrier almost never affects your health. We are all carriers of many mutations.

It has been observed that it is easier for people to accept their carrier status if they recognize that the carrier cannot be changed, it cannot be influenced, and the information received can be used for subsequent decisions.

“Now I have accepted everything as it is. I've moved on, I'm moving on. Life throws all sorts of surprises at us, and we need to deal with it. This is just one of the next twists of fate ”(carrier of cystic fibrosis).

What can be my reaction in case of a negative result (carriage is not confirmed)?

For most people, the news that they are not carriers of the changed gene brings joy and relief. However, sometimes there are difficulties in discussing the "good news" with siblings and other relatives, with those who, on the contrary, may be a carrier or have a sick child. Some are perplexed - why they escaped such a fate, while others - not. It can be difficult to accept that you are more fortunate than your loved ones.

future children

The establishment of a carrier usually affects plans for childbearing. For some, being a carrier becomes a major cause for concern, while others are relieved because the certainty of their status allows them to plan ahead. If you know about the increased risk of having sick children, this means that you have time to prepare and make an important decision. There are several options you can consider.

If both you and your partner are carriers of the same recessive disease, or you are a female carrier of an X-linked disease, there are several options for dealing with the situation. For some genetic disorders, testing may be done during pregnancy to see if the baby has inherited the changed gene (prenatal testing). More detailed information on this issue can be found in the brochures "Amniocentesis" and "Biopsy of the chorionic villi". If you are considering this option as a solution, ask your doctor if such an examination is possible in case of a disease that you are a carrier of. Please note that it is very important to discuss this issue before pregnancy, as in some cases the preparatory work in the laboratory can take several months. If you are planning a prenatal examination, think in advance about what you will do if the fetus turns out to be sick, and how you will react to a possible termination of the pregnancy.

An alternative to prenatal testing is a method called preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). This type diagnostics is carried out using IVF (in vitro fertilization) technology. After special genetic analysis into the uterus future mother embryos that do not carry the altered gene are transplanted. This is a complex process and is not possible in all cases, so to get more complete information See your doctor about PGD.

“The plus is that after visiting a genetic consultation, I realized for myself that if there is a desire to have more children, there are options, and there is a choice to solve such a problem” (cystic fibrosis carrier, mother of a sick child)

What to do if you already have children?

Some parents who already have a sick child say that one of the feelings they experienced when they were found to be a carrier was guilt for "passing on" the disease to their child. This is a completely natural reaction. Mothers of sick boys with X-linked diseases blame themselves or sometimes feel reproach from their partners for passing on the “bad” gene to their sons. If you experience these feelings, it is best to discuss them with your doctor or psychologist. It is important to remember that genes are distributed randomly and it is not your fault to have an altered gene. Observations show that over time these feelings weaken.

“I really feel like I let my family, my husband, and of course my son down, because it’s clear that I gave him something that he doesn’t need at all, and he will stay with it for the rest of his life” (carrier of the syndrome fragile X chromosome).

If you have found out that you are a carrier and you already have children, then they too can be carriers, even if they are healthy. Carrier issues should be discussed with your children at the age you think is appropriate. Some parents feel that discussing this topic with their children is possible when the children are old enough to understand what in question. Others believe that this topic should be raised only with the onset of serious partnerships. The age at which young people can take a carrier test can vary, but the key is that it should be their own informed decision.

Relationship with a partner

Finding out that you are a carrier may affect your relationship with your partner. In some cases, this brings partners closer and they can support each other.

“I just had to be around and try to help. She was very upset. You just need to listen and talk about it, support and empathize. It cannot be changed, so the only thing left to do is to experience it, and it can take a long time.” (Hemophilia Carrier Partner)

However, determining the status of the carrier can cause tension and strain in relations between partners. In some cases, you have to deal with very difficult issues and experience bitter and unpleasant feelings.

“I feel that I can cope with a lot, but it is much harder to help another person who is very close and dear to you survive. It is much worse than experiencing it yourself” (carrier of hemophilia).

Other family members

If you find out that you are a carrier, you can discuss this with other relatives. This will give them the opportunity to also take a carrier test if they wish, especially those relatives who have or will have children. This information may also be important in diagnosing the disease in other family members. However, the discussion of your carrier status is your decision and will never be held with your relatives without your consent.

“Now they know it's family run and they can take the test if they want to, they have a choice. And they will need it if they want to have children” (cystic fibrosis carrier).

For some people, discussing information with other family members is a positive experience. This can bring relatives closer, who will support each other. For others, such a discussion with relatives may be difficult, and such an experience will be unpleasant and painful.

“The feeling is that I, the daughter-in-law, brought trouble to another family, and this depresses me very much, because I really didn’t want this ...” (carrier of hemophilia)

This can be especially difficult for grandparents. They may not want to accept that a mutation in a gene is something that could be passed down through the generations from them to their grandchildren. They often feel guilty that it was because of them that the altered gene was passed on. You must be prepared for such reactions from them.

"My mom talked to my grandma and she said, 'I have nothing to do with it, period.' She cut off all conversations on this topic, saying: “I didn’t bring anything like that to the family” (a carrier of fragile X syndrome).

When discussing issues related to being a carrier, a geneticist can help explain to your relatives what a carrier is, as well as reassure them that our genetic makeup is random and not anyone's fault.

Other sources of information

Specialists (geneticists, psychologists) have the necessary knowledge and experience in helping people who have experienced similar situations, so you should contact them for information and support.

“Meeting with Emma (genetic consultant) really calmed me down, because I didn’t really understand what amniocentesis or chorionic villus biopsy was for. The help of a professional helped me understand options"(carrier of Tay-Sachs disease).

Some people find it very helpful to be in a patient support group. These are associations of patients and their families who are faced with the problems of any hereditary disease. These groups can provide information about the practical and emotional side of being a carrier. Many organizations have Internet sites and telephone lines. Such groups help people to communicate with each other, share experiences and support each other. It is not uncommon for people to communicate via e-mail or on forum sites.

"We got a lot useful information thanks to the patient support group, and it helped us a lot, there are real enthusiasts in the group, and you know that they are always in touch, and at any time of the day or night they will respond - by phone, by e-mail, in chat, they will help at school ... " (carrier of fragile X syndrome).

Hepatitis is an infection of liver cells, followed by intoxication of the whole organism. Initially, it is believed that this disease came from bats, which are carriers of the hepatitis C virus. To date, many reject this theory, but this is of no use. After all, hepatitis is one of the most terrible diseases humanity. The number of infected people is growing every year. At total absence treatment, it can lead to chronic stage or even to death. According to statistics, about 400,000 people die from it every year. And this is only official data.

Causes of Hepatitis C

A person is the main carrier of hepatitis C. What does this mean? Without knowing it, he can infect people around him. This happens because at the very beginning of development the disease is asymptomatic, because of this it often becomes chronic. Infection can occur through blood or fluids. More than half of the cases are recorded from the repeated use of syringes and instruments. Frequent carriers of hepatitis C are drug addicts. Slightly less often, infection can occur in a nail salon or hairdresser, with poor processing of special devices. Therefore, you should be careful when visiting such establishments. Even less often, infection occurs when going to the dentist. Not all clinics, especially private ones, comply established standards. The risk of contracting hepatitis C is present through unprotected intercourse or frequent changes of partners, as well as through blood transfusions. This implies the conclusion that even a completely decent and accurate person is able to suffer from this disease. Therefore, you can never relax.

Stages of development of hepatitis C

In the first stages of the development of hepatitis C, a person does not feel any changes in his body. Can a carrier of hepatitis infect other people? This question is asked by many people. Hepatitis C is a contagious disease throughout, which is a very dangerous factor, because in the early stages a person cannot understand that he can pose a threat to life and health to others.

After that, there is acute stage, in which a person begins to feel some In rare cases, his appearance is not felt at all. It's getting harder to get rid of it.

Chronic hepatitis C is manifested in the absence of necessary treatment as well as exacerbating lifestyle. Drinking alcohol in large quantities adversely affects the liver, and also helps hepatitis to become an incurable disease.

Next carrier chronic hepatitis waiting for serious damage to the liver, which is called cirrhosis. This is a serious disease that turns liver cells into connective tissue and often leads to death as the liver stops working.

Hepatitis C Symptoms

Feverish state. Appears heat, chills or fever. A person may begin to carry nonsense or see hallucinations.
Discomfort in muscles and bones. Exactly the same condition occurs with the flu, so you should not be guided by this symptom. A person cannot work as before.
Loss of appetite. There is nausea and vomiting, the body rejects all food and water.
Pain in the liver. The pain is cramping and cutting. The liver also enlarges. This is felt when examining a person.
Yellowness of the skin. This symptom is one of the main ones for confirming the disease for a carrier of hepatitis C. First, the skin acquires a yellowish tint, then eyeballs. They are amazed at severe course diseases.
Dark urine and light stool. Constipation or diarrhea may occur. Periodic aching pains appear in the abdomen.
Vascular stars. They appear on the legs and abdomen.
Sudden change of mood. A person becomes irritable, periodically able to fall into depression.
Feeling unwell. A person constantly begins to fall asleep, appears great weakness and fatigue, even in the absence of physical activity.

Can a child get hepatitis C?

Unfortunately, the answer to this question is yes. A child is a carrier of hepatitis when his mother is sick. This disease is transmitted during pregnancy, and it is impossible to protect the baby from it.
After birth, the child can immediately be identified chronic form hepatitis C. He may immediately develop yellowness of the skin and eyes. It will not be possible to completely cure the baby, but you can maintain the condition of the body and prevent deterioration. If you let everything take its course, then most likely the child will soon expect a fatal outcome.

Hepatitis C treatment

It is necessary to treat hepatitis in a hospital. Doctor's appointments will depend on the degree of damage to the body. To begin with, all tests are given and an examination is carried out that will show whether a person is a carrier of hepatitis C antibodies. enzyme preparations. They also use drugs that can restore liver cells. When this disease is detected, a person should no longer drink alcohol. It is worth giving up spicy, salty and junk food. It is useful to eat fruits and vegetables, as well as take vitamins and minerals.

With an exacerbation of chronic hepatitis C, a person is temporarily transferred to a hospital. Treatment is prescribed exactly the same as at the onset of the disease.

Treatment with folk remedies

Under no circumstances should you make your own decisions about treatment. folk remedies, because this can significantly aggravate the condition of a person. Therefore, you should consult a doctor, and use this method only with his permission.

It is believed that daily consumption of carrot juice will benefit the liver. A carrier of hepatitis C can use mumiyo. It must be mixed with milk and drunk twice a day, before meals. A decoction of blueberry leaves is useful for the liver. It should not be cooked for a long time, as you can lose all the useful elements.
In order to gradually remove the intoxication of the body, you can make a decoction of oatmeal. To do this, a handful of cereals is poured with one liter of water, boiled for about 30 minutes and taken several times a day, after filtering through gauze or a sieve.

Prevention of hepatitis C

In order not to provoke the occurrence of hepatitis C, you must carefully monitor your lifestyle. Worth giving up bad habits. Do not come into contact with people who have wounds on the skin. Before going to the dentist or to the manicurist, you need to carefully check everything, and even better, visit only familiar masters and medical workers. Don't have unprotected sex. Every six months, you need to take tests and be examined in order to identify the disease on early stage and cure him.

Hepatitis is a deadly disease that affects not only the lower strata of the population, but also quite normal people. Therefore, it is necessary to be careful, follow certain rules, and then this disease can bypass!

An information carrier (information carrier) is any material object used by a person to store information. This can be, for example, stone, wood, paper, metal, plastics, silicon (and other types of semiconductors), tape with a magnetized layer (in reels and cassettes), photographic material, plastics with special properties (for example, in optical discs) and etc., etc.

An information carrier can be any object from which reading (reading) of the information available on it is possible.

Information carriers are used for:

records;
storage;
reading;
transmission (dissemination) of information.

Often, the information carrier itself is placed in a protective shell, which increases its safety and, accordingly, the reliability of storing information (for example, paper sheets are placed in a cover, a memory chip is placed in plastic (smart card), a magnetic tape is placed in a case, etc.) .

Electronic media include media for single or multiple recording (usually digital) by electrical means:

optical discs (CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Blu-ray Disc);
semiconductor (flash memory, floppy disks, etc.);
CD-disks (CD - Compact Disk, CD), which can contain up to 700 MB of information;
DVD-disks (DVD - Digital Versatile Disk, digital universal disk), which have a significantly larger information capacity (4.7 GB), since the optical tracks on them are thinner and more densely placed;
HR DVD and Blu-ray discs with 3 to 5 times the storage capacity of DVDs using a 405 nanometer blue laser.

Electronic media have significant advantages over paper media (paper sheets, newspapers, magazines):

by volume (size) of stored information;
by unit cost of storage;
on the economy and efficiency of providing up-to-date (intended for short-term storage) information;
if possible, provide information in a form convenient for the consumer (formatting, sorting).

There are also disadvantages:

fragility of reading devices;
weight (mass) (in some cases);
dependence on power sources;
the need for a reader / writer for each type and format of media.

A hard disk drive or HDD (English hard (magnetic) disk drive, HDD, HMDD), a hard disk is a storage device (information storage device) based on the principle of magnetic recording. It is the main storage medium in most computers.

Unlike a "flexible" disk (floppy disk), information in a hard drive is recorded on hard plates coated with a layer of ferromagnetic material - magnetic disks. The HDD uses one or more platters on the same axis. The reading heads in the operating mode do not touch the surface of the plates due to the layer of the oncoming air flow formed near the surface during rapid rotation. The distance between the head and the disk is a few nanometers (in modern disks, about 10 nm), and the absence of mechanical contact ensures long term device services. In the absence of disk rotation, the heads are located at the spindle or outside the disk in a safe (“parking”) zone, where their abnormal contact with the surface of the disks is excluded.

Also, unlike a floppy disk, a storage medium is usually combined with a drive, a drive, and an electronics unit. Such hard drives are often used as non-removable storage media.

Optical (laser) disks are currently the most popular storage media. They use the optical principle of recording and reading information using a laser beam.

DVDs can be double-layered (capacity 8.5 GB), while both layers have a reflective surface that carries information. In addition, the information capacity of DVD discs can be further doubled (up to 17 GB) since information can be recorded on both sides.

Optical drives are divided into three types:

without the ability to write - CD-ROM and DVD-ROM (ROM - Read Only Memory, read-only memory). CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs store information that was written to them during the manufacturing process. Writing new information to them is not possible;
with a single record and multiple reading - CD-R and DVD ± R (R - recordable, recordable). On CD-R and DVD±R discs, information can be recorded, but only once;
rewritable - CD-RW and DVD ± RW (RW - Rewritable, rewritable). Information on CD-RW and DVD±RW discs can be written and erased multiple times.

The main characteristics of optical drives:

disc capacity (CD - up to 700 MB, DVD - up to 17 GB)
the speed of data transfer from the carrier to the RAM - measured in fractions of a multiple of the speed of 150 Kb / s for CD drives;
access time - the time required to search for information on the disk, measured in milliseconds (for CD 80-400 ms).

Currently, 52x-speed CD drives are widely used - up to 7.8 MB / s. CD-RW discs are recorded at a lower speed (for example, 32x). Therefore, CD drives are marked with three numbers "read speed x CD-R write speed x CD-RW write speed" (for example, "52x52x32").
DVD drives are also labeled with three numbers (for example, "16x8x6").

If the rules of storage (storage in cases in a vertical position) and operation (without scratches and dirt) are observed, optical media can retain information for decades.

Flash memory refers to electrically reprogrammable memory (EEPROM) semiconductors. Due to technical solutions, low cost, large volume, low power consumption, high speed, compactness and mechanical strength, flash memory is built into digital portable devices and storage media. The main advantage of this device is that it is non-volatile and does not need electricity to store data. All information stored in flash memory can be read an infinite number of times, but the number of complete write cycles, unfortunately, is limited.

Flash memory has its advantages in front of other drives (hard drives and optical drives), as well as its shortcomings, which you can get acquainted with from the table below.

Drive type	Advantages	disadvantages
HDD	Large amount of stored information. High speed. Low cost of data storage (per 1 MB)	Large dimensions. Sensitivity to vibration. Noise. Heat dissipation
optical disc	Ease of transportation. Cheap storage of information. Possibility of replication	Small volume. You need a reader. Restrictions on operations (reading, writing). Low speed. Sensitivity to vibration. Noise
Flash memory	High speed data access. Economical power consumption. Vibration resistant. Ease of connecting to a computer. Compact dimensions	Limited number of write cycles