Bacteremia is characteristic of. Description of the disease bacteremia

BACTEREMIA(bacteria[s] + Greek haima blood) - the presence of bacteria in the blood; the term is also used when other microorganisms (viruses, protozoa, fungi) penetrate into the blood and reproduce in it, however, there is a tendency to distinguish the concept of viremia, etc.

Bacteremia occurs in plague, tularemia, anthrax, typhoid fever, as well as with numerous rickettsioses, spirochetosis, yellow fever, seasonal encephalitis, sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, malaria, filariasis, etc.

The necessity of bacteremia in these diseases was the basis for the formation in the process of evolution of a specific (so-called transmissible) mechanism of transmission of their pathogens, which is realized through blood-sucking arthropods (lice, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, ticks) that become infected while feeding on a sick person or animal. Moreover, each vector-borne infection is characterized by its own carrier, in whose body the pathogen can survive or multiply. Only in some cases, infection with blood infections of a zoonotic nature (plague, anthrax, tularemia) can occur through a secondary mechanism of infection transmission through direct contact with sick animals (for example, when cutting carcasses, skinning killed rodents) or contaminated with their blood and secretions objects (for example, when threshing grain), when the pathogen penetrates through damaged skin and mucous membranes.

The epidemiological significance of bacteremia depends on its intensity (the so-called intensity): the more intense the bacteremia, the greater the infectivity of carriers during blood sucking. Thus, the Anopheles mosquito becomes infected only from a malaria patient whose 1 μl of blood contains at least one or two gametocytes (V. A. Bashenin, 1955). The intensity of bacteremia, depending on the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the patient’s body, is quantitatively characterized by the concentration of microorganisms per unit volume of blood.

Bacteremia is observed not only with blood infections, but also with typhoid and paratyphoid fever, brucellosis, etc. The main route of spread of these infections is fecal-oral. However, as a result of the onset of bacteremia due to the generalization of the process, the pathogen gains the opportunity to be released into the environment not only through the intestines, but also through other organs (for example, kidneys), due to which the possibilities for the spread of infectious agents, and therefore the frequency of infection of susceptible people (animals), expand .

Cases of bacteremia have been described in so-called toxinemic infections (diphtheria, gas gangrene, tetanus, etc.), when, most likely, it is a consequence of a sharp inhibition of the barrier-fixing role of the reticuloendothelial system as a result of toxicosis.

Increasingly, the phenomena of bacteremia are reported due to the so-called opportunistic microorganisms - representatives normal microflora intestines, skin and mucous membranes in such severe diseases as leukemia, radiation and burn injuries, etc. Such bacteremia, in contrast to pathogenetically caused, is usually called nonspecific. It is believed that it develops as a result of a sharp weakening of the function of numerous mechanisms of natural resistance (A. M. Yakovlev and O. S. Krasnopevtseva, 1964; N. M. Sokolova et al., 1967, etc.).

Widely carried out sanitary-hygienic, therapeutic-prophylactic and anti-epidemic measures in our country, the ever-increasing level of sanitary and hygienic knowledge of the population have ensured a sharp reduction in the incidence of infectious diseases, including infections characterized by bacteremia. However, bacteremia (viremia) in infectious hepatitis (Botkin's disease) is still of great epidemiological importance. Thus, MacCallum (F. O. MacCallum, 1944) and co-authors established that the serum of patients with infectious hepatitis and virus carriers causes typical diseases of infectious hepatitis in volunteer recipients, and H. Voegt, 1942) and Nif (J. R. Neefe , 1944) with co-authors, showed that volunteers also become infected when they are transfused with blood from patients with infectious hepatitis during the incubation period. It has been established that viremia is observed in 80% of cases at the beginning and in 50-60% at the end of the disease with infectious hepatitis (S. S. Chiorescu, 1967).

The wide distribution of anicteric, atypically occurring cases of infectious hepatitis, the length of the incubation period, the ever-increasing number of donors and volumes of blood transfusions and its derivatives, as well as the mass implementation of preventive vaccinations and various injections require serious regulation and the development of scientifically based control over the conditions of procurement, processing and the use of blood products, taking into account the prevalence of infectious hepatitis.

Microbiological diagnosis of bacteremia

For microbiological diagnosis of bacteremia, the following are used: 1) bacterioscopic, 2) bacteriological, 3) biological methods. Since bacteremia is most pronounced in the initial period of the infectious process and its intensity decreases as bacteria are retained by the cells of the reticuloendothelial system, blood tests should be carried out in early dates diseases. It is recommended to take blood from the patient before specific treatment, since under the influence of sulfonamides, antibiotics and other medicinal products microbes change their morphology and lose the ability to grow on artificial nutrient media. Aseptically taken blood from a patient must, if possible, be quickly delivered to the laboratory or stored in a refrigerator, icebox, or other cool place until examination. Bacterioscopy of native or stained blood preparations is widely used for leptospirosis, malaria, relapsing fever, plague, anthrax, etc. In cases where the pathogen is poorly stained (leptospira), bacterioscopy of native blood smears is performed. To do this, from the upper layer of citrated blood, which has settled for 1-1.5 hours at room temperature, preparations are prepared using the crushed drop method and microscoped in a dark field with a dry system (X 40 lens). Silvery-white leptospira stand out on the dark field of the specimen.

To obtain a colored smear, a drop of blood is applied to a glass slide, closer to one of its ends, and a sliding movement is made with the ground glass from right to left, evenly distributing the blood in a thin layer over the entire surface of the glass. A properly prepared smear has a light pink color and the same thickness throughout its entire length.

To prepare a thick drop, apply a drop of blood with a Pasteur pipette to the middle of a glass slide or apply the glass directly to a drop of blood protruding from a finger. The blood applied to the glass is smeared with a bacterial loop so that the diameter of the resulting smear corresponds to the size of a one-kopeck coin. The glass is left in horizontal position until the blood dries. The smears prepared on a glass slide are dried in air and then fixed. As fixatives, you can use anhydrous methyl alcohol, 95% ethyl alcohol or Nikiforov's liquid (a mixture of alcohol and chemically pure ether in a 1: 1 ratio). The smears are immersed in a fixative for 5-15 minutes, and then air dried and stained (see Staining of microorganisms). In some cases, fluorescent microscopy is used to detect pathogens in the blood (see).

The most important is the bacteriological research method, which is based on obtaining a pure culture of the pathogen and its further study. It is usually used to detect bacteria in the blood in those infections where bacteremia causes generalization pathological process(typhoid-paratyphoid diseases, tularemia, leptospirosis, etc.). For culture, blood is taken sterilely from the cubital vein or earlobe (for leptospirosis). Blood clots intended for the Vidal reaction can also be used. Usually, in the early stages of the disease (the first week), about 10 ml of blood is taken for culture, and in later stages, when the number of bacteria in it decreases, 20 ml. The volume of the nutrient medium should be 10 times greater than the amount of blood in order to avoid the manifestation of its bactericidal properties.

A typical case of microbiological diagnosis of bacteremia is bacteriological examination(to detect bacteremia) for typhoid-paratyphoid diseases (see Typhoid fever).

Biological diagnostic method bacteremia consists of injecting the blood of a patient into laboratory animals, followed by the isolation of microbes from the organs of the corpse, as well as infecting vectors of infection (lice and other arthropods). This method is used for viral infections, rickettsiosis, tularemia, plague, anthrax.

Radiation bacteremia

Exposure of the body to ionizing radiation in doses that cause acute radiation sickness (250 r or more) is accompanied by an increase in the permeability of most biological barriers and inhibition of immunological reactivity. The consequence of this is the development of bacteremia due to microbes - representatives of the natural intestinal autoflora, respiratory tract, skin, etc. The main source of endogenous infection is the intestines. The most frequently isolated are E. coli (22%), E. paracoli (42%), B. proteus vulgaris (13%), streptococci (6%), anaerobes (1-3%). The study of the timing and dynamics of the development of autoinfection during radiation sickness (see) made it possible to distinguish the following periods.

The period of sterility (the first day) is characterized by the absence of microbes in all tissues.

Period of infestation of regional lymph nodes(2-3 days) is characterized by the presence of bacteria only in the lymph nodes.

The bacteremic period (3-7 days) can be called a period of relative compensation defense mechanisms, since the ability to cleanse the blood of bacteria is not completely lost, although there is a decrease absorption capacity reticuloendothelium, especially in relation to living microorganisms. It is characterized by the appearance large quantity microbes in the spleen; There are few or no bacteria in the blood.

The period of decompensation of protective mechanisms ( last days life of the body) with a certain reservation can be called septic. It is characterized by a sharp increase in the number of microbes both in the organs and in the blood due to the active proliferation of microbes in the tissues of the irradiated animal. This increase cannot be explained by an increase in the entry of bacteria from the intestine, since tissue permeability does not increase compared to the first days of the disease. At different doses of radiation and in different animals, these periods do not occur at same terms or do not occur at all. When irradiated in non-lethal doses, the period of decompensation does not develop; bacteremia occurs later.

Bibliography: Microbiological methods of research in infectious diseases, ed. G. Ya. Sinai and O. G. Birger, M., 1949; Petrov R.V. Immunology of acute radiation injury, M., 1962, bibliogr.; Guide microbiological diagnostics infectious diseases, ed. K. I. Matveeva, M., 1973; Sokolova N. M., Ch e n-Mayransaeva T. P. and Plechikov JI. 3. About bacteremia in patients malignant tumors ovaries, Vopr., onkol., t. 15, Jvft 7, p. 46, 1969, bibliogr.; Yakovlev A. M. and Krasnopevtseva O. S. On the methodology for studying nonspecific bacteremia, Laboratory. case, Jvft 11, p. 682, 1964; F e 1 -peg J. M. a. Dowell Y. R. Bacteroides bacteremia, Amer. J. Med., v. 50, p. 787, 1971, bibliogr.; Hermans P. E. a. Washington J. A. Polymicrobial bacteremia, Ann. intern Med., v. 73, p. 387, 1970, bibliogr.; K a g η o f f M. F., Armstrong D. a. Blevins A. Bacteroides bacteremia, Cancer (Philad.), v. 29, p. 245, 1972, bibliogr.; Martin S. M. a. o. Gram-negative rod bacteremia, J. infect. Dis., v. 119, p. 506, 1969 bibliogr. *

A. A. Sumarokov, L. F. Kolobova; R. V. Petrov (rad.), N. V. Chumachenko (bakt.).

Image from lori.ru Bacteremia is the presence of microbes in the blood. It's hard and dangerous condition for the body, especially in conditions of decreased immune defense when severe course infections. It is considered one of the stages of sepsis development.

Contents [Show]

Causes of bacteremia

Bacteria can get there from foci of infection in various organs(liver, kidneys, intestines), or in case of bites by blood-sucking insects, injuries with damage to blood vessels and the introduction of infection into them. The entry of microbes into the blood occurs when certain infectious diseases- typhus, paratyphoid fever. Bacteria can enter the bloodstream when various states, but with a normal immune response the blood healthy person due to leukocytes and humoral protection factors are quickly neutralized. Bacteria may be shed in saliva, urine, or feces for a short time. When the immune defense is weakened due to radiation, immunodeficiency, severe somatic pathology or other circumstances, bacteria persist in the blood long time. Bacteremia can lead to the development of septicemia or septicopyemia, stages of sepsis development.

Symptoms of bacteremia

Usually the body copes with a small amount of bacteria quickly and without clinical manifestations. Symptoms can only appear when there is an abundance of microbes. Chills, fever, weakness and lethargy, nausea, signs of toxicosis and vomiting occur. In the absence of adequate diagnosis and treatment, microbes are carried by the bloodstream to all organs of the body, where foci of infection are formed - meningitis, myocarditis, abscesses.

Diagnostics

Usually, the initial manifestations of bacteremia are changes in the blood test - neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left. But this only allows one to suspect the presence of microbes in the blood. Sometimes microbes can be detected by microscopy of a smear and examination of a “thick drop”. More precisely, this allows you to determine blood culture to identify specific pathogens, as well as a parallel determination of its sensitivity to antibiotics. Blood, urine, sputum, and wound discharge are taken for culture, along with blood.

Treatment methods for bacteremia

Bacteremia is usually treated with intravenous antibiotics based on culture-based antibiotic susceptibility. In case of bacteremia in some infectious diseases, it is treated according to general principle treatment of this infection.

Prevention

This is a timely sanitation of foci of infection, ulcers, skin phenomena with purulent discharge. When a clinical diagnosis of a bacterial infection develops based on the results of a blood test, preventive antibiotics are prescribed to prevent the spread of microbes.

dr20.ru

Bacteremia refers to the presence of bacteria in the circulatory system. Often this state is asymptomatic and has no obvious signs. Usually, bacteria that enter the bloodstream are immediately destroyed by leukocytes, but if there are too many of them, then the leukocytes are no longer able to cope with them and the development of a disease called sepsis begins. This disease is accompanied by very severe symptoms. In particularly serious cases, it even threatens human life due to the development of septic shock. The content of the article:

• Symptoms of bacteremia
• Causes of bacteremia
• Diagnosis of bacteremia
• Treatment of bacteremia

Symptoms of bacteremia

Due to the fact that the human body is capable of independently and in a short period of time coping with a small amount of bacteria, noticeable symptoms of bacteremia appear in rare cases. But if the disease develops and sepsis appears, then the signs will be:

• Chills
• High body temperature
• Feeling weak
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

If this process is not stopped in time, then the next stage will be the spread of infectious agents throughout the patient’s body and metastatic foci of infection will form. The consequences of this may be:

• Meningitis
• Pericarditis
• Endocarditis
• Osteomyelitis

With the development of sepsis, abscesses, that is, an accumulation of pus, may appear throughout the human body.

Causes of bacteremia

Bacteremia, which is mild and temporary, can appear even in cases where a person clenches his jaw. This occurs when bacteria that live in the mouth around the gums gets into circulatory system. Bacteria often enter the bloodstream from a person's intestines, but they are usually eliminated very quickly when the blood passes through the liver. The risk of developing sepsis increases when there is a focus of infection in the body, in organs such as the lungs, abdomen, kidneys, urinary system and skin. It can also develop after a patient undergoes surgery on an infected area or on an organ where bacteria are normally found, for example, in the intestines. This can happen when a foreign object, such as a needle, is inserted intravenously, or when a catheter is inserted into the urinary canal. All this can cause the development of sepsis if the foreign element remains in the body for a long time. Sepsis is also often found in injection drug addicts. After all, their immune system does not function normally. Other people whose immune systems are in a similar state are also at risk.

Diagnosis of bacteremia

This diagnosis may be indicated by the presence of an infection in any organ and a sudden increase in the patient’s body temperature. The development of sepsis is characterized by a significant increase in the number of leukocytes in the bloodstream. When setting correct diagnosis and identifying the causative agent of the disease, an examination is carried out - blood cultures are performed. Although identifying bacteria in the blood is not very easy, especially when a person takes antibiotics. In addition, for examination, sputum material is taken from the lungs and a urine test is performed.

Treatment of bacteremia

Bacteremia that appears in connection with surgery or the introduction of catheters into the urinary system most often does not require treatment if foreign object was promptly removed. However, before such procedures are carried out for people who are at risk of developing inflammation in response to bacteremia (with heart valve disease or a weak immune system), antibiotics are prescribed as a preventative measure. Sepsis is dangerous disease, and the likelihood of death is quite high. Treatment should begin immediately with antibiotics, even before culture results are available, that is, before the type of bacteria causing the disease is determined. If antibacterial therapy is not started in time, the patient’s chance of recovery becomes very small. First, the attending physician chooses an antibiotic based on which bacteria are prevalent in the blood. This directly depends on the location of the source of infection ( urinary tract, oral cavity, lungs, intestines or other organ). In order to increase the chance of recovery, treatment with two types of antibiotics may be prescribed.
Once the results of the culture are known, the doctor may prescribe a different type of antibiotic that is best able to cope with the type of bacteria detected. There are serious cases in which, in order to eliminate the source of infection, for example, an abscess, a decision is made on surgical intervention (surgery).

farmmainc.com

Name: Bacteremia

Bacteremia- presence of bacteria in the blood.

Causes

Penetration of the pathogen into the blood is observed in many infectious diseases and is an integral or probable component of their development.

Mild, short-term bacteremia can also occur even when a person clenches his jaw, since bacteria living on the gums within the teeth enter the bloodstream. Bacteria often enter the bloodstream from the intestines, but they are quickly destroyed as the blood passes through the liver.

The number of microorganisms per unit volume of blood depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the patient’s body. With prolonged and severe bacteremia, generalized and, in particular, septic forms of the infectious process traditionally form.

Symptoms

Because the body can deal with a small number of bacteria quickly, symptoms of temporary bacteremia appear in rare cases. However, as soon as sepsis develops, chills occur, body temperature rises, weakness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are detected.

If treatment is not started, the infectious agents spread throughout the body and so-called metastatic foci of infection are formed.

The consequence of this may be meningitis - inflammation of the membranes of the brain, pericarditis - inflammation of the outer lining of the heart, endocarditis - inflammation inner shell heart, osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone tissue. With sepsis, abscesses (collections of pus) can form throughout the body.

Diagnostics

A person who has a focus of infection in any organ suddenly experiences a sharp rise in body temperature. If sepsis develops, the number of white blood cells traditionally increases significantly. To identify the “culprit” microorganism, blood cultures are performed. However, it is difficult to isolate bacteria in a blood culture, especially if the person is taking antibiotics. For culture, sputum material from the lungs, urine, discharge from wounds and from places where catheters are inserted are also taken.

Treatment

medprep.info

Description:

Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the blood. Blood is normally sterile, and detection of bacteria in the blood (usually by blood culture) always indicates pathology.

Symptoms of Bacteremia:

Bacteremia can cause several serious consequences. The immune response to the bacteria can cause sepsis (blood poisoning) and septic shock, with a high chance of death. Bacteria can use blood to spread throughout the body (hematogenous spread), causing secondary foci of infection at a considerable distance from primary focus infection. An example would be endocarditis and osteomyelitis.
Gram-negative bacteremia. The most common pathogens are E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Entembacter, Serratia, Proteus and P. aeruginosa. Sources of bacteria - gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system and skin. Predisposing factors - surgical interventions And medical manipulations(for example, catheterization) on the urinary tract and associated diseases.

Gram-positive bacteremia. The main causative agent is coagulase-positive S. aureus. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus) rarely cause lesions. Staphylococcal bacteremia is divided into primary (the pathogen penetrates from the skin) and secondary (from the source of existing infection). The most common sources are skin abscesses (even their slight palpation can cause dissemination of the pathogen). In hospital settings, almost all cases of bacteremia are caused by contamination of medical instruments. The main pathogens are coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Causes of Bacteremia:

The presence of bacteria circulating in the blood is a serious complication of infections (such as pneumonia and meningitis), operations (especially those involving work with mucous membranes, such as gastrointestinal tract), catheterization or exposure foreign bodies in an artery or vein (including intravenous infections, especially when taking drugs).

Treatment of Bacteremia:

Bacteremia associated with surgery or catheter insertion into the urinary tract traditionally requires no treatment, especially if the catheter is promptly removed. However, before such procedures are performed, people at increased risk of developing inflammation in response to bacteremia, such as patients with heart valve disease or a weakened immune system, are given prophylactic antibiotics.

Where to go:

Medical institutions: Moscow. Railway. Barnaul. Saint Petersburg. Balashikha. Nizhny Novgorod. Arzamas. Arkhangelsk. Novosibirsk Rostov-on-Don. Astrakhan. Bataysk. Azov. Belaya Kalitva. Ekaterinburg. Berezniki. Saratov. Volgograd. Chelyabinsk. Voronezh.

Medicines, drugs, tablets for the treatment of Bacteremia:

• CJSC "Lekhim-Kharkov" Ukraine

• 
  

  Levofloxacin 250 mg; 500 mg No. 10

  Antimicrobial agents for systemic use.

  CJSC "Lekhim-Kharkov" Ukraine

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

LLC "Farmland" Republic of Belarus

Adrenalin

Alpha and beta adrenergic blocker.

Trichopol®

Antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agent.

OJSC Chemical and Pharmaceutical Plant AKRIKHIN Russia

Tavanik®

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

Antibiotic-oxazolidinone

Pfizer USA

Ceftazidime-akos

III generation cephalosporin.

JSC Sintez Russia

• 

  An antibiotic from the carbapenem group.

  Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (Merck Sharp and Dome Corp.) USA

Antimicrobial agents for systemic use. Cephalosporins and related substances.

Arterium (Arterium) Ukraine

• 

  Sympathomimetics.

  FSUE "Moskovsky endocrine plant" Russia

• 
  

  Levolet® R

  Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

• 
  

  Levofloxacin

  Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

  JSC "Vertex" Russia

• 

  Levolet® R

  Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

  Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd. (Dr. Reddis Laboratories Ltd.) India

• 
  

  Levofloxacin

  Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

  JSC "Vertex" Russia

Eurosidim

Antimicrobial agents for systemic use. Beta-lactam antibiotics. III generation cephalosporins.

Agio Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Agio Pharmaceuticals Ltd.) India

Tavanik®

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

Sanofi-Aventis Private Co.Ltd (Sanofi-Aventis Govt. Co.Ltd) France

Claforan

Cephalosporin antibiotic, beta-lactam.

CJSC PharmFirma Sotex Russia

Ciprofloxacin 0.2%

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

LLC "Farmland" Republic of Belarus

Leflox 0.5%

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

LLC "Farmland" Republic of Belarus

Leflobact

Antibacterial agents of the quinolone group. Fluoroquinolones.

JSC Sintez Russia

• 
  

  Levofloxabol®

  Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

  ABOLmed LLC Russia

Ciprofloxacin 0.08%

Antimicrobial agent, fluoroquinolone.

LLC "Farmland" Republic of Belarus

A general clinical blood test is a test that reveals pathological conditions. An important component of therapy is identifying the cause of the disease.

Bacteria

Attention! Viral and bacterial etiology have similar symptoms. However, there are differences that are revealed using clinical analysis blood.

What is the difference between a viral and bacterial infection?

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms without a formed nucleus. Capable of reproduction and metabolism. There are several forms of microorganisms:

• Cocchi.
• Bacilli.
• Spirilla.
• Vibrios.

Cocci have a round body shape, can be paired with other bacteria (diplococci) or exist separately (micrococci). Some form long chains (streptococci), while others form a quadratic structure (tetracocci). Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria. They are different from each other and have a durable shell that allows them to survive the conditions environment(high/low temperature, oxygen or nutrient deficiency).

Bacteria do not have a formed nucleus, so they are classified as prokaryotes. Outside or inside human body An innumerable number of bacteria are present. A normal immune system ensures uninterrupted protection of the body from pathogenic environmental influences. Weakening of “protective” forces is a risk factor for the development of infectious diseases.

They live in the body for a short time. However, some types of viruses live in symbiosis with humans throughout their lives (Epstein-Barr virus). Such infections are not destroyed either by the immune system or by drug intervention (herpes, HIV and others).

Blood test for bacteria and viruses, interpretation of results

The viral or bacterial pathogen will be determined by the therapist based on the results of a general clinical blood test. When infected with microbes or viral particles, a number of biochemical changes occur in blood tests.

At viral infection The following changes occur in blood tests for viruses and bacteria:

• Lymphocytosis.
• Monocytosis.
• Neutrophilia.

To identify a specific type of virus (EBV, CMV and others) it is used linked immunosorbent assay and PCR. As biological material blood is used. A blood test for viruses in a child is not sufficient to detect the disease, so urine, saliva and feces are taken with the blood for testing.

With this type of infection, the white blood cell level remains normal. Important for identifying etiology painful condition symptom complex. For a viral infection incubation period does not exceed 2 days, and for bacterial it lasts more than 5 days. Infection with viruses is manifested by a sharp rise in body temperature (up to febrile; above 38.8 degrees Celsius), chills, hyperhidrosis of the extremities and moderate myopathy.

Common symptoms indicating a viral disease:

• Heat.
• Severe chills.
• Feeling faint.
• Weakness.
• Muscle pain.

Important! The presence of the above symptoms is a reason to consult your doctor. You should not engage in self-diagnosis or self-medication, as this leads to disastrous consequences.

Depending on what type of bacteria a person is infected with, changes in the indicators of a general clinical blood test depend. A bacterial infection has the following specific signs:

• Leukocytosis.
• Neutrophilia.
• Limocytopenia.
• Increased ESR levels.
• The appearance of metamyelocytes and myelocytes.

In addition to a general clinical blood examination, an enzyme immunoassay is prescribed. It allows you to identify papilloma, Helicobacter and other bacterial diseases affecting the functioning of the stomach or intestines. In some cases, a tank culture is prescribed for a bacterial infection, but the results will be ready only after 9 days. This is due to the fact that bacteria need time to grow in vitro.

Bacterial diseases (especially in gynecology) take a long time to develop and have a long incubation period. The symptom complex depends on the bacterium and the affected area. For respiratory bacterial infections cough, rhinitis, headaches and low-grade fever body (not higher than 38 degrees Celsius). In rare cases, the body temperature rises to febrile.

How to get tested for viruses?

Analysis for viruses and infections in the human body is carried out together with clinical trial blood. Before submitting biological material, do not eat food for 12 hours. Men and women should limit their intake of psychotropic substances (nicotine, caffeine or alcohol). Tests for viruses and infections are taken on an empty stomach and in the morning.

Advice! Children and pregnancy should avoid psycho-emotional and physical stress before blood tests for viruses and bacteria.

Bacteremia- presence of bacteria in the blood.

Causes bacteremia

Penetration of the pathogen into the blood is observed in many infectious diseases and is an obligatory or possible component of their development.

Mild, temporary bacteremia can occur even when a person clenches his jaw, because bacteria living on the gums around the teeth enter the bloodstream. Bacteria often enter the bloodstream from the intestines, but they are quickly destroyed as the blood passes through the liver.

The number of microorganisms per unit volume of blood depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the resistance of the patient’s body. With prolonged and severe bacteremia, generalized and, in particular, septic forms of the infectious process usually form.

Symptoms bacteremia

Because the body can deal with small numbers of bacteria quickly, symptoms of temporary bacteremia rarely occur. However, as soon as sepsis develops, chills occur, body temperature rises, weakness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea appear.

If treatment is not started, the infectious agents spread throughout the body and so-called metastatic foci of infection are formed.

The consequence of this may be meningitis - inflammation of the lining of the brain, pericarditis - inflammation of the outer lining of the heart, endocarditis - inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, osteomyelitis - inflammation of the bone tissue. With sepsis, abscesses (collections of pus) can form throughout the body.

Diagnostics bacteremia

A person who has a focus of infection in any organ suddenly experiences a sharp rise in body temperature. If sepsis develops, the number of white blood cells in the blood usually increases significantly. To identify the “culprit” microorganism, blood cultures are performed. However, it is difficult to isolate bacteria from a blood culture, especially if the person is taking antibiotics. For culture, sputum material from the lungs, urine, discharge from wounds and from places where catheters are inserted are also taken.

Treatment bacteremia

Bacteremia associated with surgery or insertion of a catheter into the urinary tract usually does not require any treatment, especially if the catheter is promptly removed. However, before such procedures are performed, people at increased risk of developing inflammation in response to bacteremia, such as those with heart valve disease or a weakened immune system, are given prophylactic antibiotics.

Doctors have long established that the inflammatory processes that accompany many serious diseases are a reaction immune system body to infection, helping to destroy pathogens. But inflammation is also observed in diseases that are traditionally considered unrelated to microbial attacks: heart attacks, strokes, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes.

• Reuters

In parallel with inflammation in the body, blood clotting usually increases, the level of iron in it increases and so-called abnormal proteins appear, resulting from mutagenic errors in synthesis or due to external chemical exposure. Why with such various diseases Scientists do not yet know whether such similar symptoms are associated. But a discovery made by Douglas Kell of the University of Manchester and Recia Pretorius of the University of Pretoria, reported by The New Scientist, may shed light on the mystery.

Traditionally, it was believed that the blood of a healthy person is free of bacteria, since when sown in a nutrient medium in a Petri dish (a special vessel used in microbiology), no growth of microorganisms was observed. However, recent studies using DNA sequencing methods have shown that about a thousand bacteria “sleep” in every milliliter of our blood. In a dormant, “sleeping” state, they practically do not divide and do not pose a serious threat to the body (although they do not react to medicines). But an increase in the level of iron in the blood brings bacteria out of “hibernation”, and they begin their destructive work. Microorganisms begin to synthesize lipopolysaccharides (LPS) - large molecules located on their outer cell membrane. They awaken the immune system and, as a result, cause inflammation.

Unusual Suspect

Kell and Pretorius decided to find out whether there was a connection between LPS and the formation of blood clots. Since most bacteria enter the bloodstream from the intestines, the experiment used the common E. coli (Escherichia coli), which lives in the lower intestines of most warm-blooded animals, including humans. This bacterium has long been used as a model microorganism in laboratory research and well studied. Scientists mixed lipopolysaccharides secreted by E. coli with fibrinogen, a colorless protein contained in blood plasma that plays important role during the process of blood clotting. At inflammatory processes and the death of body tissue, the level of fibrinogen increases sharply. In the blood of a healthy person with enzymatic digestion During the coagulation process, fibrinogen polymerizes and precipitates into an insoluble fibrin-like precipitate. However, when exposed to E. coli LPS, fibrinogen has been shown to form abnormal fibrin clots, similar in shape and size to those seen in heart attacks, strokes, and deep vein thrombosis. Due to the abnormal structure of these clots, they are not broken down by blood enzymes, which leads to blood clots entering the bloodstream and can cause a stroke or heart attack. Moreover, to begin the process of formation of abnormal clots, only one molecule of LPS per several hundred million molecules of fibrinogen is enough.

According to the researchers, this proves that LPS works as a catalyst for the process, changing the structure of fibrinogen, and the reaction is of a chain nature, transmitted from protein to protein, similar to the deformation of prion proteins that cause the notorious Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (spongy encephalopathy, in commonly known as “mad cow disease”). And since LPS is a trigger of inflammation, as a result of which the amount of fibrinogen in the blood increases, the process becomes an avalanche.

“There is no big discovery there. As for thousands of bacteria in one milliliter of blood, this is not entirely true. Finnish researchers have long ago established that many viruses and nanobacteria (less than 0.1-0.2 microns) live in our blood. In general, we coexist with bacteria and viruses; life on Earth began with them and will end with them. The fact that lipopolysaccharides are an important element of our immune system is also known fact, they knew this half a century ago. And it has long been known that bacteria play a big role in it. If a child does not fall or hurt his knees in childhood, then he does not develop immunity to many microorganisms. That’s why, by the way, people in villages get sick less often than in cities. So I don’t see any revelation in this work. Unfortunately, I have come across a lot of young researchers who pass off any of their experiments as some kind of discovery. Still, the history of science must be studied and known.”
Valery Fedorovich Galchenko, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, head of the scientific direction "Microbiology" of the Federal Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Inflammatory processes are usually accompanied by increased level free iron in the blood - this is observed, in particular, in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Scientists believe that bacteria in the blood that have emerged from a dormant state may be associated with these diseases, forming amyloids. This is confirmed by data obtained by researchers at Harvard Medical School, published this spring. Scientists injected bacteria into the brains of mice and found that amyloid deposits formed in the rodents within 24 hours.

Strokes are considered main reason mortality in modern world, and the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease could grow to 100 million by 2050. The discovery of Kell and Pretorius may become important factor in search of ways to treat these and other diseases associated with the circulatory system. Likely ways, according to The New Scientist, could be, for example, removing dormant bacteria from the body or blocking the proteins they produce.

Vladislav Krylov