DTP vaccination: what is it for, side effects, analogues, precautions. DTP vaccination - comprehensive protection against dangerous diseases DTP vaccination how to do it

Children in the first months of their life are vaccinated against various diseases, among which is the DTP vaccination, immediately against three infections - tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. All of them pose a serious threat to the health of the child, so it is extremely important to protect him from them.

When infected, even the most highly effective modern drugs antibacterial action cannot save a small organism, and the percentage of infant mortality in this case is quite large. However, today many parents refuse this vaccination: is such a decision justified by common sense?

Those parents who sign a refusal to vaccinate their baby against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus refer to the fact that the consequences of DTP vaccination are often very terrible. They are partly right. The disadvantages of this vaccination include complications that have to be treated for almost a lifetime. However, they do occur:

1. rarely;
2. only in case of non-compliance with contraindications;
3. in case of poor-quality vaccine.

So the fears of parents of this kind are simply not justified. A doctor who regularly and for many years vaccinates babies against these infections is unlikely to make an oversight or mistake in such an important matter. But the lack of vaccination poses a much greater threat to the life of the baby:

• pertussis encephalopathy affects the central nervous system of a child, disrupts its psychomotor development, can lead to death due to respiratory arrest;
• tetanus also leads to death due to asphyxia, brain damage, respiratory arrest, and also the heart;
• The consequence of diphtheria can be paralysis for the rest of your life or death.

When vaccinated, the risk of disease is minimized. And even if infection occurs, the infection will not have such a destructive effect on the body: recovery will be faster, treatment will be more effective. This is worth thinking about for parents who are afraid to do such a vaccination for their babies. To dispel doubts, you need to ask the doctor about everything in detail, ask him everything exciting questions and calm down. A qualified specialist will help to avoid complications and tell you about all the features of DPT vaccination.

Vaccination Schedule

One of the most important issues in this serious matter - when children are vaccinated with DTP: there is a certain schedule that, if possible, must be followed in the absence of contraindications. To produce antibodies against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria, 4 doses are administered:

1. at 3 months;
2. after 30–45 days (4–5 months);
3. in half a year (6 months);
4. at 1.5 years old.

However, the DTP vaccination schedule for children does not end there: they are given twice more - at 6 (or 7) years and at 14 years of age. The last two vaccinations are carried out in order to maintain the required amount of antibodies against infections in the child's body. Parents need to know how many DPT shots their children are given in order to track this schedule on their own, although doctors in without fail must notify them of the next vaccination. Moreover, the child will need to be prepared for this event in advance.

Training

Since the vaccine is different high activity, competent preparation of the child for the DTP vaccination (with the help of the doctor's recommendations) will help to avoid the baby's undesirable reaction to it. At the time of vaccination, the child must:

• be healthy;
• be hungry;
• poop;
• be dressed lightly and not sweat.

As a preparation for the baby to be vaccinated with DPT, a certain application procedure has been adopted. medications:

• in 2 days: for diathesis or allergies - the usual doses antihistamines(Erius, Fenistil, etc.);
• on the day of vaccination: antipyretic suppositories are immediately introduced (they will not allow the temperature to rise, they will prevent swelling at the injection site - parents should know where the DTP is vaccinated: in the thigh), in parallel with the suppositories, an anti-allergic drug should be given (chosen on the recommendation of a doctor);
• 2nd day after vaccination: antipyretic (in the presence of temperature), anti-allergic agent (mandatory);
• Day 3: Stop taking all medications.

These activities will depend on how children tolerate the DTP vaccination: some have practically no reaction, someone may have a temperature (and very different), someone is hard to endure. Sometimes parents are frightened by all these manifestations, so they need to study as best as possible the information about what the child's reaction to the DTP vaccination may be and what it means.

Effects

The consequences after vaccination against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria can be different: within the normal range (the expected reaction of a small organism) and serious complications in children caused by individual intolerance to the vaccine or non-compliance with contraindications. What is considered normal:

• temperature increase;
• the child is crying after being vaccinated with DTP: in this case, with the permission of the doctor, pain medication can be given on the day of vaccination;
• anxiety;
• parents usually panic if after vaccination DTP child lame: they begin to talk about the fact that an injection was given unprofessionally, etc., although in reality redness, induration, soreness, swelling at the injection site, impaired walking due to this are common consequences after vaccination;
• vomit;
• do not be afraid even if the child sleeps after DTP vaccination at night or during the day: slight lethargy and lethargy is a perfectly acceptable reaction in this case;
• lack of appetite;
• diarrhea.

All these reactions of a small organism to a DPT vaccination are predictable modern medicine, they should not be afraid, the main thing is to correctly apply medicines prescribed by the doctor during this period. However, if after two days after vaccination the child is naughty and still crying, the doctor should be informed about this and his recommendations should be listened to. This may indicate an overly active reaction of the body to newly developed antibodies.

It also happens that after the DTP vaccination, the child gets sick: he could just catch a cold or catch an infection in the clinic. This is a common thing that should not cause concern for parents. If he coughs, this may indicate the presence of a chronic disease. respiratory tract. This is how a small organism reacts to the pertussis component of the vaccine. Nothing wrong with that. Serious complications need to be feared.

Complications

Concerned parents should take into account that complications in children after DPT vaccination occur in 3 cases out of 100,000. These include:

• severe allergies (urticaria, anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema);
• convulsions;
• (neurological symptoms);
• encephalitis;

Such serious complications in children after DTP vaccination may occur due to non-compliance with contraindications, including:

• exacerbation of any pathology;
• an allergic reaction to a vaccine;
• immunodeficiency.

It is up to the parents to decide whether or not to vaccinate their baby with DTP. They must be aware of all the disadvantages and advantages, dangers and contraindications of this vaccine in order to make the right decision.

Expectant mothers, fathers and young parents are, of course, interested in knowing what vaccinations exist and how you can take care of your baby's health and protect him from diseases. Preparing for DTP vaccination is an important process. But not everyone knows how to prepare for this procedure, when it is needed, which implies what consequences are possible, are there any contraindications.

As soon as the baby is born, on the first day of life, he is already vaccinated. The schedule is developed by the Ministry of Health. Parents can refuse to vaccinate an infant, undergo the procedure later.

Some vaccinations, if they were not done in childhood, a person has to pass on their own in adulthood - when applying for a job and not only. DTP vaccinations are given to both adults and children. In the first days, months, years, if the immune response is not developed, the risk of infection is higher.

Many illnesses are more difficult to bear. There is nothing surprising in this. The body is not strong. To adapt to conditions environment take at least 12 months. It is necessary to get acquainted with the local climate, the seasons. Therefore, it is recommended to vaccinate as early as possible.

The human body is not perfect. Because of this, epidemics occurred so often in past centuries. The whole civilization was on the verge of destruction.

Artificial formation of an immune response in children and adults helps to avoid many troubles. A quality vaccine has already been invented for most infections. Vaccinations against the most common and dangerous diseases, with the help of an effective, proven vaccine, it is proposed to make newborns to improve the quality of life, increase its duration.

After discharge from the hospital, upon reaching the age of three months, they are vaccinated with DTP. DTP vaccination is the introduction into the body of an adsorbed vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria, and also tetanus.

These diseases should be taken seriously. They are complex clinical picture, high mortality, severe consequences. The body's response to vaccination is often difficult.

There is a risk:

• side effects;
• allergic reactions.

The list of contraindications is long. It is necessary to prepare the baby for this procedure. As a result, he will form a stable immunity.

Features of the vaccine

The vaccine produced in the Russian Federation contains dead cells of pathogenic microorganisms. It is given to children free of charge during the standard vaccination.

There are foreign-made DTP vaccines that contain cell parts, specific elements that are most significant for the formation of an immune response. They can be purchased if desired. In both cases, there is no risk of infection, each component is safe. Efficiency is confirmed, proven.

Usually applied:

1. a drug made in Russia, which is called DTP;
2. Belgian Infanrix;
3. Pentaxim - it is produced by a French company.

There are also drugs that are used to vaccinate children against diseases other than diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. For example, an agent such as Tritanrix-HB or Bubo-Kok can be used. This is a vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and hepatitis B. Bubo-M is a vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B, but not whooping cough.

If the DPT vaccination was previously given, its decoding was needed by parents when analyzing the vaccination card, now things are different. The development of immunity from diseases implies the choice of the optimal vaccine, taking into account the characteristics of the situation.

If the baby has no health problems, the parents do not object to the procedures, the standard vaccination schedule is applied.

Sometimes there is a need to pay attention to some individual characteristics of the organism, situations. They are not important at first glance, but cause concern. In this case, you need to make changes to standard scheme. How to do this, the doctor will tell you. The calendar of procedures will become a guide for action. You can also make your own suggestions, discuss the most promising options with your doctor.

Various DTP vaccinations, their interpretation, the meaning of vaccines, which is known before the administration of the drug, helps parents control the process.

The vaccination map is compiled taking into account their opinions and observations. It is the parents who will be the first to notice that the baby has signs of contraindications. It is sometimes better to pay for a vaccine and achieve a good result, more acceptable, than to refuse the procedure altogether.

A specific drug can be obtained free of charge when the classic is not suitable. But sometimes it is better to refuse vaccination altogether. Vaccination with DPT, ADSM and not only is dangerous.

What should I pay attention to before and after DTP vaccination? What consequences should be expected, beware?

When not to perform the procedure

What is the real danger of a vaccine in which there are no living microorganisms?

Nothing at first glance. After vaccination with DTP, there should be no negative reactions. But under certain circumstances, nevertheless, there is a risk, a threat to health.

Complications from the vaccine itself, although harmless, can occur if diseases are diagnosed. nervous system. They are a contraindication to the use of the vaccine.

Reaction to foreign body, information about a potential threat will be negative, not as desirable. For the presence of diphtheria toxins, tetanus, pertussis, too. Complications can be expressed in the form of deterioration of health, weakening of the nervous system.

With congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, complications are also likely, the introduction of the vaccine is prohibited.

If you have already been vaccinated and hyperthermia has been observed, you can not do it again. It is impossible to vaccinate DTP for certain chronic diseases, at the stage of exacerbation. In these cases, vaccination with ADS toxoid should be chosen.

Circumstances may cause a temporary ban on vaccination. In particular, any acute infection- a serious hindrance. The reaction to the vaccine is unpredictable and life-threatening complications are possible. If someone in the immediate environment is sick with an infectious disease, do not get vaccinated. The likelihood that complications will appear is higher in this case.

The reason for postponing the time of vaccination is stress. They can be considered moving, the death of relatives, the baby's teeth cutting, the temperature observed at the same time, and not only. Even if there are no above threats, sometimes the DTP vaccine has side effects.

Negative symptoms after vaccination

It happens that redness appears at the injection site, and then a purulent abscess. It is important to monitor the condition of the skin at first, to use, possibly, an antibacterial ointment. You should start worrying when the area of ​​​​inflammation exceeds 8 mm, tissue thickening is noticeable. The body temperature rises.

It is customary to divide mild, moderately pronounced and pronounced hyperthermia.

An increase in temperature to 37.5 is a mild hyperthermia. At a temperature of 38.5 we are talking about the average degree of hyperthermia. Severe hyperthermia is called an increase in temperature above 38.5. You should inform the doctor, give antipyretic drugs as soon as possible.

Hyperthermia after DTP vaccination can last 2-3 days.

The more serious possible complications include Quincke's edema, allergic syndromes. In some cases, anaphylactic shock develops when this vaccine is given, blood circulation is disturbed due to sharp decline pressure, febrile convulsions appear.

There may be deviations in the work of the nervous system, meningitis and other pathologies develop. But these reactions are extremely rare. Weakness, capriciousness, loss of appetite - what is most often to be expected from a baby who has received this complex vaccination.

How many times do you need to inject

How many times is the vaccine injection given?

Not once. DTP schedule is vaccination at age three months then at 4 months of age. The minimum period between procedures is thirty days. The maximum allowable interval between the first procedures is forty-five days. It is not advisable to violate the terms of vaccination. But if a longer pause is needed, the drug is not administered additionally.

If negative reactions are observed, a note is made in the outpatient card or vaccination card about this. The vaccine is changed according to the situation. At the age of 6 months, 3 vaccinations are given. You will also need to undergo the procedure at 18 months. This completes the first stage.

A persistent immune defense, which persists until the age of 8.5 years approximately. At the age of six, the first revaccination procedure is carried out, at seven the second, and at fourteen the third. The ADS-M vaccine is already in use.

Revaccination is required due to a decrease in antibody levels.

Their production is naturally suppressed. A newborn from the first day of life to 2 months has immunity to these infections. Antibodies obtained from the mother's body. The body of a newborn produces them on its own.

But after 2 months, their level is significantly reduced. The observed concentration is not enough to effectively counter infection. Therefore, already at the age of three months, the first procedure is recommended.

10 years after repeated revaccination, the level of antibodies in the blood decreases again. At twenty-four, you will have to repeat the vaccination. Adults are recommended to do it every 10 years throughout their lives. It is advisable to carry out revaccination of the DTP in a timely manner, to comply with the deadlines.

In the event that the baby's parents refuse to be immunized, the DTP vaccination is not carried out at 3 months, the risk of infection gradually decreases. An adult who has reached the age of majority has little chance of contracting diphtheria or whooping cough, but a lot of tetanus.

In this regard, another vaccine is usually prescribed, exclusively tetanus. DTP vaccination adults may be recommended by an immunologist as a universal option. Sometimes it is this vaccine that is most suitable, it is necessary to make a complex vaccination.

How vaccination is carried out

Does it matter where the vaccine is given?

The drug is injected initially into the gluteal muscle. Later, it is possible to introduce into the muscle of the arm, under the shoulder blade. The skin in the injection area in an infant is affected by a greater number of negative factors. The relevance of an injection into the muscle chosen by specialists raises doubts.

And yet, for a harmonious distribution, minimizing the negative impact on the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system, it is advisable to inject it into the thigh muscle. A negative reaction to the drug can be neutralized using conventional disinfectants.

Attentive attitude to the condition of the baby, well-being after the procedure is a guarantee of safety and health.

Before vaccination, you must be examined by a doctor. Usually they visit a pediatrician or a therapist, a surgeon or an orthopedist, a neuropathologist. A blood test is also required. Before the procedure itself, it is advisable to avoid visiting crowded places for several days.

The likelihood of getting sick with any disease, skipping vaccinations, will be minimized.

It is undesirable to add new foods to the diet. This is an additional load on the immune system. The risk of developing allergic reactions increases, which is undesirable. The diet should be familiar, slightly less high-calorie.

The vaccine itself is given to the child on an empty stomach - at least an hour must pass after eating. If the child has refrained from defecation during the day, you should use a laxative.

After vaccination, the child should not be bathed for a day. In the next 2-3 days, avoid getting water on the injection site. If water still gets in, it is recommended that this area be gently wiped with a towel or paper towel. It is undesirable to rub this place.

The site provides background information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

Children and adults need vaccinations, how in effective means fight dangerous infectious diseases. One of the very first vaccinations given to a child is DPT, which represents vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. All three infectious diseases are serious and potentially dangerous for humans, because, even with the use of the most modern and highly effective antibacterial drugs, the percentage of deaths is very high. Besides, severe forms infections can lead to developmental disorders and disability of a person from childhood.

Deciphering the DTP vaccination and the types of vaccines used

The DTP vaccine passes in the international nomenclature as DTP. The abbreviation is simply deciphered - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. This drug is combined, and is used to combat, respectively, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. To date, there is a choice of these vaccines - domestic drug DTP or Infanrix. There are also combination vaccines that contain more than just DTP, such as:

• Pentaxim - DTP + against polio + hemophilic infection;
• Bubo - M - diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B;
• Tetracoccus - DTP + against polio;
• Tritanrix-HB - DTP + against hepatitis B.

The DPT vaccine is the basis of immunoprophylaxis for tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. However, the pertussis component can cause severe reactions, or revaccination is required only against diphtheria and tetanus - then the appropriate vaccines are used, which in Russia include the following:

• ADS (according to the international nomenclature DT) is a vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria. Today, domestic ADS and imported D.T.Vax are used in our country;
• ADT-m (dT) is a tetanus and diphtheria vaccine given to children over 6 years of age and adults. In Russia, domestic ADS-m and imported Imovax D.T.Adyult are used;
• AC (international nomenclature T) - tetanus vaccine;
• AD–m (d) – diphtheria vaccine.

These types of vaccines are used to vaccinate children and adults against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Should I get vaccinated with DTP?

To date, the DTP vaccine is given to children in all developed countries, thanks to which many thousands of children's lives have been saved. In the past five years, some developing countries have abandoned the pertussis component, as a result, the incidence of infection and mortality from it have increased significantly. As a result of this experiment, governments have decided to revert to pertussis vaccination.

Of course, the question "should I get vaccinated with DTP?" can be set in different ways. Someone thinks that vaccinations are not needed in principle, someone believes that this particular vaccine is very dangerous and causes serious consequences in the form of neurological pathologies in a child, and someone wants to know if it is possible to put baby vaccination.

If a person has decided not to vaccinate at all, then naturally he does not need DTP. However, if you think that DTP vaccine harmful, and contains a lot of components that give too heavy load on the body of the child, then this is not so. The human body is able to safely transfer several components of the vaccine against various infections at once. What matters here is not their quantity, but compatibility. Therefore, the DTP vaccine, developed in the 40s of the XX century, became a kind of revolutionary achievement when it was possible to place the vaccine against three infections in one vial. And from this point of view, such a combined drug means a decrease in the number of trips to the clinic, and only one injection instead of three.

It is certainly necessary to be vaccinated with DTP, but you need to carefully examine the child and obtain admission to vaccination - then the risk of complications is minimal. According to a World Health Organization report, the most common causes the development of complications for DPT vaccination is ignoring medical contraindications, incorrect administration and spoiled drug. All these reasons are quite capable of being eliminated, and you can safely make an important vaccination.

Parents who doubt the advisability of immunization can be reminded of the statistics of Russia before the start of vaccination (until the 1950s). Approximately 20% of children suffered from diphtheria, of which half died. Tetanus - even more dangerous infection, infant mortality from which is almost 85% of cases. In the world today, approximately 250,000 people die from tetanus every year in countries where they are not vaccinated. And absolutely all children had whooping cough before the start of mass immunization. However, you should be aware that the DPT vaccine is the most difficult to tolerate of all those included in national calendar. Therefore, vaccination, of course, is not a gift from God, but it is necessary.

DPT vaccination - preparation, procedure, side effects, complications - Video

DPT vaccination for adults

The last immunization of children with DPT vaccination is done at the age of 14, then adults should be revaccinated every 10 years, that is, the next vaccination must be done at 24 years of age. Adults are vaccinated against diphtheria and tetanus (DT) because whooping cough no longer poses a threat to them. Revaccination is necessary in order to maintain the level of antibodies in the human body, which is sufficient to ensure immunity to infections. If an adult does not get revaccinated, he will have antibodies in his body, but their number is not enough to ensure immunity, so there is a risk of getting sick. If a vaccinated person who has not been revaccinated after 10 years becomes ill, then the infection will proceed in a milder form compared to those who have not been vaccinated at all.

How many DTP vaccinations are there, and when are they given?

For the formation of a sufficient amount of antibodies that provide immunity to whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, a child is given 4 doses of the DPT vaccine - the first at the age of 3 months, the second after 30–45 days (that is, at 4–5 months), the third at six months ( at 6 months). The fourth dose of the DPT vaccine is given at 1.5 years. These four doses are necessary for the formation of immunity, and all subsequent DTP vaccinations will be carried out only in order to maintain the required concentration of antibodies, and they are called revaccinations.

Then children are revaccinated at 6 - 7 years old, and at 14. Thus, each child receives 6 DTP vaccinations. After the last immunization at the age of 14, it is necessary to revaccinate every 10 years, that is, at 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, etc.

Vaccination Schedule

In the absence of contraindications and admission to vaccinations, the introduction of the DPT vaccine to children and adults is carried out according to the following schedule:
1. 3 months.
2. 4 - 5 months.
3. 6 months.
4. 1.5 years (18 months).
5. 6 - 7 years old.
6. 14 years old.
7. 24 years.
8. 34 years.
9. 44 years old.
10. 54 years old.
11. 64 years old.
12. 74 years old.

Interval between vaccinations

The first three doses of the DTP vaccine (at 3, 4.5 and 6 months) should be administered with an interval between them of 30 to 45 days. The introduction of subsequent doses is not allowed earlier than after an interval of 4 weeks. That is, between the previous and next DPT vaccinations, at least 4 weeks must pass.

If the time has come to do another DTP vaccination, and the child is sick, or there are any other reasons why vaccination cannot be done, then it is postponed. You can postpone vaccination for a fairly long period of time, if necessary. But the vaccine should be given as soon as it can be done (for example, the child will recover, etc.).

If one or two doses of DTP were delivered, and the next vaccination had to be postponed, then when returning to vaccination, it is not necessary to start it again - you just need to continue the interrupted chain. In other words, if there is one DTP vaccination, then two more doses must be delivered at an interval of 30 to 45 days, and one a year from the last. If there are two DPT vaccinations, then simply put the last, third, and a year later from it - the fourth. Then vaccinations are given according to the schedule, that is, at 6-7 years old, and at 14.

First DPT at 3 months

According to the vaccination calendar, the first DTP is given to a child at the age of 3 months. This is due to the fact that maternal antibodies received from her by the child through the umbilical cord remain only 60 days after birth. That is why it was decided to start immunization from 3 months, and some countries do it from 2 months. If for some reason DTP was not given at 3 months, then the first vaccination can be done at any age up to 4 years. Children over 4 years of age who have not previously been vaccinated with DTP are only vaccinated against tetanus and diphtheria - that is, with DTP preparations.

To minimize the risk of reactions, the child must be healthy at the time of the vaccine. A great danger is the presence of thymomegaly (enlargement of the thymus gland), in which DTP can cause severe reactions and complications.

The first DTP shot can be given with any vaccine. You can use domestic, or imported - Tetrakok and Infanrix. DTP and Tetracoccus cause post-vaccination reactions (not complications!) in about 1/3 of children, while Infanrix, on the contrary, is very easily tolerated. Therefore, if possible, it is better to put Infanrix.

Second DPT

The second DTP vaccination is done 30 to 45 days after the first, that is, at 4.5 months. It is best to vaccinate the child with the same drug as the first time. However, if for some reason it is impossible to deliver the same vaccine as for the first time, then it can be replaced with any other. Remember that according to the requirements of the World Health Organization, all types of DTP are interchangeable.

The reaction to the second DPT can be much stronger than the first. This should not be afraid, but be mentally prepared. Such a reaction of the child's body is not a sign of pathology. The fact is that the body already as a result of the first vaccination met with the components of microbes, for which it developed a certain amount of antibodies, and the second "date" with the same microorganisms causes a stronger response. In most children, the strongest reaction is observed precisely on the second DTP.

If the child missed the second DPT for any reason, then it should be delivered as soon as possible, as soon as possible. In this case, it will be considered the second, and not the first, because, even with a delay and violation of the vaccination schedule, there is no need to cross out everything done and start over.

If the child had a strong reaction to the first DTP vaccination, then it is better to make the second one with another vaccine with less reactogenicity - Infanrix, or just administer DTP. The main component of the DTP vaccination that causes reactions is pertussis microbe cells, and diphtheria and tetanus toxins are easily tolerated. That is why, in the presence of a strong reaction to DTP, it is recommended to administer only ADS containing antitetanus and antidiphtheria components.

Third DTP

The third DPT vaccine is administered 30 to 45 days after the second. If at this time the vaccine was not given, then the vaccination is carried out as soon as possible. In this case, the vaccine is considered exactly the third.

Some children react most strongly to the third rather than the second DTP vaccine. A strong reaction is not a pathology, as is the case with the second vaccination. If the previous two injections of DTP were delivered with one vaccine, and for the third one for some reason it is impossible to get it, but there is another drug, then it is better to get vaccinated rather than postpone.

Where are they vaccinated?

The DTP vaccine preparation must be administered intramuscularly, since it is this method that ensures the release of the components of the drug at the desired rate, which allows the formation of immunity. Injection under the skin can lead to a very long release of the drug, which makes the injection simply useless. That is why it is recommended to inject DTP into the child's thigh, since even the smallest muscles are well developed on the leg. Older children or adults can inject DTP into the upper arm if muscle layer there is well developed.

Do not administer DPT vaccine in the buttock as there is a high risk of it entering a blood vessel or sciatic nerve. In addition, there is a rather large layer of subcutaneous fat on the buttocks, and the needle may not reach the muscles, then the drug will be injected incorrectly, and the drug will not have the desired effect. In other words, DTP vaccination in the buttock should not be done. In addition, international studies have shown that the best production of antibodies by the body develops precisely when the vaccine is injected into the thigh. Based on all these data, the World Health Organization recommends administering the DTP vaccine in the thigh.

Contraindications

To date, there are general contraindications to DTP, such as:
1. Any pathology in the acute period.
2. Allergic reaction to vaccine components.
3. Immunodeficiency.

In this case, the child cannot be vaccinated in principle.

If there are neurological symptoms or seizures due to fever, children can be vaccinated with a vaccine that does not contain a pertussis component, that is, ATP. Until recovery, children with leukemia, as well as pregnant and lactating women, are not vaccinated. A temporary medical exemption from vaccination is given to children against the background of an exacerbation of diathesis, who are vaccinated after achieving remission of the disease and normalizing the condition.

False contraindications for DPT vaccination are as follows:

• perinatal encephalopathy;
• prematurity;
• allergies in relatives;
• convulsions in relatives;
• severe reactions to the introduction of DTP in relatives.

This means that in the presence of these factors, vaccinations can be carried out, but it is necessary to examine the child, obtain permission from a neurologist and use purified vaccines with minimal reactogenicity (for example, Infanrix).

The introduction of the DTP vaccine is contraindicated only in people who have had an allergic or neurological reaction in the past to this drug.

Before DTP vaccination - preparation methods

DTP vaccination has the highest reactogenicity among all vaccines included in the national calendar. That is why, in addition to observing the general rules, it is necessary to carry out drug preparation and support for DPT vaccination. To general rules include:

• the child must be completely healthy at the time of vaccination;
• the child must be hungry;
• the child must poop;
• the child should not be dressed too hot.

The DTP vaccine must be administered against the background of the use of antipyretic, analgesic and antiallergic drugs. Children's antipyretics based on paracetamol and ibuprofen also have a moderate analgesic effect, which allows you to eliminate discomfort in the area of ​​injection. Keep on hand analgin, which can be given to a child in the presence of severe pain.

A bump after DPT can form when the vaccine does not get into the muscle, but into the subcutaneous fatty tissue. There are much fewer vessels in the fatty layer, the rate of absorption of the vaccine is also sharply reduced, and as a result, a long-lasting lump is formed. You can try Troxevasin or Aescusan ointments to increase blood circulation and speed up the absorption of the drug, which will lead to the resorption of the bump. Can a bump also form if the vaccine was administered without observing the rules of asepsis? and dirt got into the injection site. In this case, the bump is inflammatory process, pus forms inside it, which must be released and the wound treated.

Redness after DPT. it's the same normal phenomenon, since a weak inflammatory reaction develops at the injection site, which is always characterized by the formation of redness. If the child is no longer bothered, do nothing. As the drug dissolves, the inflammation will go away by itself, and the redness will also go away.
Pain after DPT. Pain at the injection site is also due to inflammatory reaction, which can be expressed stronger or weaker, depending on individual features child. Do not force the baby to endure pain, give him analgin, apply ice to the injection site. If the pain does not go away for a long time, see a doctor.

Cough after DPT. Some children may develop a cough during the day in response to the DTP vaccine if they have chronic diseases respiratory tract. This is due to the body's reaction to the pertussis component. However given state does not require special treatment and clears up on its own within a few days. If the cough develops a day or several days after vaccination, then there is a typical situation when healthy child"caught" an infection in the clinic.

Complications

Vaccine complications include serious health problems that require treatment and can have adverse consequences. So, DTP vaccination can cause the following complications:

• severe allergies (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, angioedema, etc.);
• convulsions on the background normal temperature;
• encephalopathy (neurological symptoms);

To date, the frequency of these complications is extremely low - from 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 vaccinated children.

At present, the relationship between the development of encephalopathies and DPT vaccination is not considered scientifically proven, since it was not possible to identify any specific properties vaccines that can cause such phenomena. Experiments on animals also did not reveal a connection between DPT vaccination and the formation of neurological disorders. Scientists and vaccinologists believe that DPT is a kind of provocation, during which an increase in temperature simply leads to a clear manifestation of hitherto hidden disorders.

The development of short-term encephalopathy in children after DTP vaccination causes a pertussis component, which has a strong irritant on the membranes of the brain. However, the presence of convulsions against the background of normal temperature, twitching, nodding, or impaired consciousness is a contraindication to further administration of the DTP vaccine.

The DPT vaccine is given for the first time to a newborn child upon reaching three months. The vaccine contains three active ingredients that produce protective antibodies against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Parents always have a lot of questions about vaccinations.

How does the abbreviation DTP stand for? This is an adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. Listed diseases, against which vaccination is carried out, bring significant harm to health, especially small child.

Whooping cough is an infectious disease that affects the respiratory system. The patient is worried coughing, respiratory failure, lungs become inflamed, convulsions and a rise in temperature are observed.

diphtheria refers to bacterial infections. Are amazed upper divisions respiratory tract. The larynx and trachea become inflamed, swollen, the condition can threaten with suffocation.

Tetanus is an infectious disease that can be contracted through soil, animal or human saliva. Bacteria getting into open wound begin their destructive action. The nervous system is damaged. The result is paralysis. respiratory system and cardiac arrest.

Whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations are mandatory preventive vaccinations, which are put to all citizens who voluntarily agreed to be vaccinated.

The active substance of the vaccine is killed pertussis bacteria and tetanus and diphtheria toxoids. In two recent cases the danger is not the bacteria themselves, but the toxins that are released during their life. Therefore, the vaccine includes toxoids.

Should I get vaccinated?

Before the vaccine is given, parents must be given a form to sign the agreement. In case of refusal, only the parent is responsible for the health of the child. You need to know that even modern society mortality from diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus is high.

If the baby is vaccinated, the risk of infection is minimal. In the event that, nevertheless, infection could not be avoided, then the immune system will fight the disease from the very first minute. The disease will pass easily, and recovery will come quickly, without complications.

The whooping cough vaccine is given in conjunction with active ingredients against diphtheria and tetanus. It is she who most often causes adverse reactions The child has. But, having vaccinated according to all the rules, the body will be reliably protected for many years.

Before vaccination, it is necessary to take tests and visit the local pediatrician. In case of any deviations, the vaccination can be postponed for several days or even weeks.

The first vaccinations for newborns are given exactly at the moment when the teeth begin to erupt. Caring mothers are interested in the question of whether it is possible to get vaccinated when teething. The pediatrician does not allow vaccination during this period. The body is weakened, the baby is often capricious, does not eat well, so an extra load on the immune system can cause an undesirable reaction.

How many DTP vaccinations are there and when are they given?

Subject to the scheme proposed by the Ministry of Health, up to four years of age, 4 vaccinations are given. Begin the introduction of drugs before the age of one year with an interval of at least a month. The first injection is carried out at 3 months, the second vaccination is carried out at 4.5 months, the re-vaccination coincides with six months of age and the last one is done at 1 year and 6 months.

In some countries, vaccinations begin as early as two months. It is believed that it is at this age that antibodies obtained from the mother lose their ability to protect the body from diseases.

In the future, they are vaccinated with ADS-M. It is without a pertussis component, since immunity against this disease After vaccination, it is valid for about 9 years. ADS-M revaccination is carried out at 6–7 years and at 14 years. After that, it is enough for an adult to be vaccinated every 10 years.

If the child is weakened or belongs to a risk group, then the pediatrician individually decides how many times to vaccinate. If there is a strong reaction to the past administration of DTP, doctors decide to exclude the whooping cough vaccine from the complex.

Interval between vaccinations

In order for the DPT vaccine to take effect, it must be given at the time intervals indicated on the calendar. The first three vaccinations are given every 30-40 days. The fourth vaccination is carried out after 12 months. The fifth is carried out after 5 years, and the sixth is carried out after another 8–9 years.

If the vaccination schedule has not been violated in childhood, then the protection of immunity from diseases lasts for 10–11 years. Therefore, it is sufficient for adults to revaccinate once every 10 years.

DPT vaccination for adults

An adult who received a full course of DTP vaccinations as a child or adult should receive a DTP-M revaccination every 10 years. This will keep the immune system at a high level.

Adults are not vaccinated against whooping cough, since life-long, stable immunity is acquired from the disease. If there is an infection with whooping cough, then it proceeds as a simple cold.

If an adult was not vaccinated in childhood against the three diseases in question, then he should receive a series of three DTP vaccines. If injuries were received, the body has a long-term healing festering wound bitten by an animal, then a tetanus vaccination is carried out outside the plan.

Vaccination Schedule

The DTP vaccination schedule involves administering the vaccine three times every 30–40 days. If there are any contraindications, it is allowed to shift the vaccination from the dates indicated in the schedule. When vaccinating children older than 4 years, the exclusion of the whooping cough component is expected.

The recommended terms are: 3 months, 4.5 months, 6 months and 1.5 years. Five years later, revaccination is carried out twice at 6.5 and 14 years. Then adult citizens are recommended to repeat the vaccination every 10 years.

First DTP

If there are no health problems, good test results and no medical exemptions from doctors, then at the age of three months, the first administration of the DPT vaccination is carried out. However, one introduction is not enough. Strong immunity against diseases is formed only after four vaccinations.

Why is DTP vaccination dangerous? The vaccine is dangerous for its local and general complications:

• In the area where the injection was made, compaction, redness and swelling in diameter greater than 8–9 cm may appear.
• There is a high rise in body temperature.
• The occurrence of convulsions is not excluded (it is important to exclude damage to the central nervous system).
• In rare cases, Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, and urticaria may develop.

The child looks restless, cries for a long time, he poor appetite, he does not sleep well, often burps, the stool is disturbed.

Second DPT

The second vaccine is given in the middle of the fourth month of life. If the child's immune system reacted with any reactions after the first vaccination, then it is likely that they will be repeated after each procedure.

At the injection site of the drug against infections, there may be a slight induration (no more than 1 cm), normally no more than 2-3 days. As the vaccine is absorbed into the bloodstream, the seal will dissolve. Can be allergic manifestations in the form of swelling and redness.

Third DTP

The components of the third DTP vaccine are administered when the child reaches 6 months. You also need to carefully prepare for it and then follow some recommendations.

Can a vaccinated child get whooping cough? The immune system actively begins to fight the disease after full course vaccination. By the start of the third vaccination, not enough antibodies are produced to fight the infection.

The pertussis component of the vaccine itself cannot provoke the disease, since the DTP vaccine contains only particles of killed bacteria.

Where are they vaccinated?

There are several places where DPT vaccination is given. The suspension must be injected deep into the muscle. The best place is considered where the skin is thin, the fat layer is small and enough muscle tissue. Young children are usually given the vaccine in the thigh, older patients in the shoulder.

If you get vaccinated in the gluteal region, then the drug will be more difficult and slower to be absorbed into the bloodstream. The patient may experience pain and discomfort. More often there are edema, inflammation.

Contraindications

The DTP vaccine is often accompanied by post-vaccination reactions. Therefore, you need to carefully prepare for it.

For the timely detection of contraindications, the pediatrician first examines the skin of the child, examines the oral mucosa, and listens to chest breathing. Ideally, for admission to vaccination, you must first pass the tests. Only after assessing the health of the child, the pediatrician gives admission to vaccination.

If you do not take into account contraindications, then vaccination can lead to violations in the development of the child:

• Acute course of chronic diseases.
• Poorly tolerated previous vaccination.
• The presence of a convulsive syndrome.
• Pathologies of the nervous system.
• Diabetes.
• Autoimmune diseases.

Before vaccination, parents should carefully monitor the behavior and condition of the child. If he did not eat well, did not sleep well, or had other alarming symptoms, it is better to postpone the vaccination for another time. It is undesirable to vaccinate during teething.

How to prepare?

In order to prevent serious consequences after vaccination, it is necessary to prepare in advance for the procedure:

• Before the introduction of the first vaccination, the child must already be examined by all narrow specialists, a complete picture of his health is compiled. In case of any violations, a medical exemption may be obtained.
• Before the introduction of the drug that protects against whooping cough, the child must be examined by a neurologist.
• All indicators of analyzes must comply with the standards.
• If the baby is prone to allergies, it is recommended to use antiallergic drugs 3-4 days before vaccination.
• Vaccination is preferably carried out 40-50 minutes after a meal.

The advice of a psychologist to parents will help prepare for vaccination, and you can also get recommendations from him if the child is offended in kindergarten or school.

How to behave after?

To make the vaccination easier, parents should consider a number of recommendations:

• After vaccination, it is recommended to sit in the clinic for another 20-25 minutes.
• Regardless of the rise in temperature, doctors advise giving an antipyretic.
• It is advisable to refuse walks for two days.
• Do not bathe the child, especially if he does not feel well.

How many days can I swim after DTP vaccination? As soon as all adverse reactions disappear, you can wash. Usually you have to wait a couple of days.

Vaccine reaction, side effects

Almost half of the vaccinated children show some reaction to the vaccine on the first day. Signs that appear after the third day are not related to the vaccination:

• In the injection area, redness and a slight induration may appear. May appear pain, because of which it is sometimes painful for the child to stand on his leg and he limps.
• The body temperature rises. If it helps to cope with germs during a cold, then after the vaccine there is no benefit from it. Therefore, it is recommended to give the child an antipyretic.
• There may be disorder of the stool.
• The body can react to the antipertussis component with the appearance of a cough that does not require treatment.
• The child becomes capricious, drowsy, appetite decreases and sleep worsens.

Adverse reactions are more pronounced after the introduction of the second vaccination, the immune system is already familiar with foreign bodies and even more wants to protect the body from them. If you have a severe allergic reaction or other acute manifestations the pertussis component can be removed from the vaccine. It is he who provokes an acute reaction from the immune system.

You should urgently consult a specialist in case of development of the following side effects in children:

• high-pitched crying that does not stop for a long time;
• swelling and redness exceed 9 cm;
• body temperature above 39 degrees, which is not reduced by drugs.

Whooping cough vaccine more often than others active ingredients DTP leads to complications. A reaction from the nervous system is considered dangerous, which causes disruption of the brain. The body temperature rises, convulsions are observed, consciousness is disturbed.

Today, many parents refuse vaccination, commenting on their disagreement with childhood vaccinations that they are very dangerous for the health of babies. DTP vaccination is one of the most controversial. Moms and dads are not sure that this vaccine is so necessary. However, is it worth it to test the children's body, because when faced with dangerous diseases, from which DPT protects, there is no certainty that he will be able to fight back. So is it worth trusting this vaccine? Let's try to figure it out.

DTP - what is it?

The DTP vaccine is designed to prevent especially dangerous forms of such common diseases as whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria. And it stands for “adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine”. Foreign substitute is Infanrix.

Why is the DTP vaccine needed?

Diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough are acute diseases that are infectious in nature. They are quite difficult, and the treatment is extremely difficult and lengthy. Diphtheria and whooping cough are airborne infections. In addition, they can provoke a real epidemic, the duration of which is from two to four years.

Diphtheria is accompanied by intense edema of the pharynx and larynx, significant and serious intoxication of the whole organism. These symptoms can even lead to death. In addition, there is a high risk of paralysis, malfunctions of the heart, central nervous system, and kidneys.

With whooping cough, frequent bouts of spasmodic coughing are observed. Such a cough can persist for weeks, interfering with normal life. There is a high probability of development, brain damage and seizures. The disease is especially dangerous for children under two years of age.

However, the DPT vaccine is primarily preventive measure tetanus, which of all the listed ailments is considered the most critical for the life of a child. Tetanus is transmitted by contact. The disease develops when the pathogen penetrates to damaged tissues that do not receive oxygen. Injuries, frostbite, drifts, burns, injections with all kinds of thorns can cause tetanus. In infants, tetanus can result from cutting the umbilical cord with non-sterile instruments.

The pathogen produces a toxin that attacks the nervous system and provokes the appearance of cramps and tension in absolutely every muscle of the body. The patient resembles an "arc", he has heavy sweating, and the jaws are closed so that it is impossible to unclench them with anything. At the same time, body temperature rises strongly - it can reach 42 degrees. However, the most terrible is the fact that in this case there is a violation of the functions of the body, including respiratory and swallowing. There is a high probability of coma or paralysis of the heart. In most cases, the disease ends tragically - death. And even the most modern treatment cannot guarantee a positive outcome.

If a person is not vaccinated, the course of these diseases is unpredictable. If the DPT vaccination was done, then the body may not even notice the infection, or the disease will pass quite easily and without consequences. That is why WHO recommends that all babies be vaccinated without exception.

What types of DTP vaccinations are there?

To date, medicine offers 2 types of DTP vaccinations:

• whole cell;
• acellular.

Acellular is designed to reduce the number of dangerous neurological consequences for the pertussis component of the vaccine.

Parents are given a choice: the baby can be given a domestic vaccine or a vaccine from the UK called Infanrix.

Also can be found combined preparations, which include not only DTP:

• Pentaxim: DTP, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection;
• Bubo-M: hepatitis B, diphtheria and tetanus;
• Tetracoccus: DTP and polio;
• Tritanrix-HB: DTP, hepatitis B.

DTP and tetracoccus have a similar composition, since they include killed cells of pathogens. And they are classified as whole-celled.

Infanrix is ​​a cell-free vaccine that contains minor elements of pertussis microorganisms, as well as diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. The child's body does not react so actively to this vaccine and practically does not cause complications.

How are children vaccinated?

DTP vaccination is carried out in accordance with the vaccination schedule.

The best DPT vaccination scheme, according to WHO recommendations, is:

• the first course is carried out from two to six months - these are three doses, the interval between which is 1 month;
• revaccination is carried out at the age of 15-18 months;
• another vaccination - 4-6 years of vaccination, which contains a special pertussis component.

If the DTP vaccination was missed

This situation may be due to various reasons. If only 1 vaccination is not done, then the course does not need to be repeated: just continue the vaccination according to the plan. By the way, DTP is allowed to be done simultaneously with other vaccines, for example, against polio. If before the age of seven the child was not vaccinated at all, then doctors recommend using only ADS vaccination, in most cases, twice with an interval of one month.

If the first course and revaccination was done, but no more vaccination was done before the age of four, then in this case the child will not have immunity against. In the future, the baby is vaccinated only against diphtheria and tetanus.

How can a child's body react to a DPT vaccination?

Each vaccination carries with it a special burden on the body, since vaccination causes a serious change in the immune system.

If we talk about the baby's response to the vaccine as a whole, then the presence of minor side effects is the norm, which indicates that immunity is being formed correctly. However, if the body does not react at all to the administered drug, you should not think that something is going wrong - in this way, the result of efforts to reduce adverse reactions may appear.

DTP vaccination is considered the most difficult for child's body. The reaction can make itself felt in the first 3 days.

Doctors distinguish several types of reactions to DTP:

• weak, in which there is an increase in body temperature, lethargy, vomiting, loss of appetite. It may also be observed local reaction- Redness of the injection site and slight swelling. In some cases, it can be about 8 centimeters in diameter. It appears immediately after vaccination and may not go away for 2-3 days;
• medium, in which there may be convulsions, constant crying and quite heat- about 40 degrees;
• severe is accompanied by dangerous allergic reactions, prolonged convulsions, fainting, coma, and brain damage.

If the baby's temperature rises, do not wait until the thermometer shows a mark of 38 degrees, be sure to give an antipyretic. If the drug does not help, call an ambulance.

How to prepare your baby for DTP vaccination?

Before vaccination, it is imperative to show the baby to specialists such as a pediatrician and a neurologist, as well as take blood and urine tests.

Parents should make sure that the child is healthy before administering the drug.

If the baby has alarming symptoms, you should first treat him, and after a two-week period, you can think about vaccination.

In what cases is DTP vaccination contraindicated?

Children are not vaccinated in the following cases:

• if the baby has acute illness. produced only after complete recovery;
• if the child has a serious allergy at the first dose of the drug;
• if the baby has a serious disturbance in the functioning of the nervous system a week after vaccination;
• if the crumbs have diseases of the liver, heart and kidneys;
• if the child has progressive neurological diseases. Vaccination is done only after the normalization of the condition.

DTP vaccination is mandatory. However, only parents know absolutely everything about their child, for this reason, it is moms and dads who decide whether to vaccinate the baby or not. But not all parents have medical education and they don’t always think about what the consequences of both vaccination and the diseases from which these are created can be. In any case, parents should carefully study the information about vaccination and consult a doctor, and only then make a decision.

Complications after DTP vaccination (video)

Conclusion

For many reasons, modern parents refuse to vaccinate their children. Often this is due to possible complications after vaccination. The controversial drugs include the DPT vaccine, which protects the child's body from such dangerous diseases as diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough. It is these diseases that can be very tragic, as in most cases they lead to death, despite the most modern treatment.

DTP vaccination is carried out in three stages:

• the first course is carried out at the age of 2 to 6 months - three doses with a break in a month;
• from 15 to 18 months revaccination should be made;
• at 4-6 years of age, the introduction of vaccines with a pertussis component.

If at least one DPT vaccination has been missed, the course simply continues as planned.

Of course, the child's body reacts to the introduction of the drug. This may be an increase in temperature, redness and swelling of the injection site, tearfulness, loss of appetite. This is the so-called weak response. But each organism is individual, so the response may be different. If, after vaccination, the baby develops allergies, convulsions, and he loses consciousness, call an ambulance immediately.

Before any vaccination, parents must make sure that the child is healthy, so a mandatory examination of the baby by a doctor is necessary.

DTP vaccination is contraindicated if the child has a disease in acute form, has developed an allergy after the first DPT shot, has a nervous system disorder, or has heart, kidney, or liver disease.

Even though DTP is compulsory vaccination, parents themselves have the right to decide whether to refuse it or to carry it out. However, before giving up, you should think carefully, because possible complications may be insignificant compared with the consequences of "acquaintance" of the baby with these diseases. We wish you to make the right choice!