A cow's milk duct is overgrown, treatment. Device for expanding the teat canals of the udder of dairy animals

Indications. Low milk yield is one of the reasons for the decrease in milk productivity of cows. According to E.E. Shkolnikov (1965), it is observed in 8-10% of cows of the total dairy herd. This pathology can be either congenital or acquired.

It is believed (A. Yu. Nummert, 1967) that the most common reason acquired stiffness - narrowing nipple canal caused by improper machine milking (too high or low vacuum, defects in the teat rubber or its discrepancy with the diameter of the teats).

In normally lactating cows, the diameter of the teat canal ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 mm, while in tight-milking cows its diameter, according to A. A. Osetrova, does not exceed an average of 2.05 mm, and according to E. E. Shkolnikov - 2.5 mm.

Low milk yield in cows does not allow the use of machine milking; in addition, it predisposes to the occurrence of mastitis, which subsequently leads to atrophy of the glandular tissue.

Anesthesia. During operations on the nipples, pain relief is achieved by a circular blockade at the base of the nipple. However, E.E. Shkolnikov suggests performing this operation without anesthesia.

Operation technique. For surgical treatment tightness suggested various ways. However, those in which the best long-term results are achieved should be considered preferable, i.e., repeated narrowing of the nipple canal is not allowed. As clinical experience has shown, this is achieved by expanding the nipple canal using special surgical knives.

L. I. Tselshtsev’s method. A closed method of dissecting the sphincter is recommended without compromising the integrity of the mucous membrane of the nipple canal.” After treating the tip of the nipple with a swab moistened with alcohol, a thick milk catheter is inserted into the nipple canal to straighten the folds of the mucous membrane. Then, parallel to the catheter, stepping back from it by 1-2 mm, a pointed scalpel is inserted into the thickness of the apex of the nipple to a depth of 0.6-1 cm and the sphincter is dissected from two or four opposite points by moving the tip towards the skin. Skin wounds are closed with collodion. Method by I. D. Raschenko. After preparing the surgical field and anesthesia, grab the top of the nipple with your left hand and use a lancet-shaped knife to make a bilateral incision in the walls of the nipple canal and the muscular sphincter. The removed lancet is reinserted after first rotating it 90°. This creates a cross-shaped cut. The lancet should be advanced into the depth of the nipple canal no more than 15 mm, this ensures the correct incision of the wall of the nipple canal. Deeper immersion of the knife can lead to a complete cut of the muscle layer.

After the operation, the milk from this lobe is completely milked. In order to eliminate the fusion of the walls of the teat canal, the author recommends milking from these quarters of the udder for 3 days every 3-4 hours. Then the cow is transferred to the normal milking regime. After a cross-shaped incision in the wall of the sphincter of the nipple canal, it is recommended to insert a polyethylene tube into its lumen (V. S. Kondratiev, A. M. Kiselev and I. G. Peskov, 1959).

Method of E. E. Shkolnikov. For the surgical treatment of tightness, a disc-shaped knife has been proposed. It should be noted that this knife, in our opinion, has a certain advantage over other similar tools. Its design is as follows: the diameter of the metal rod is 2.5-3 mm, which corresponds to average lumen of the nipple canal. The free part of the rod gradually becomes thinner towards the apex and ends bluntly with a diameter of 1 mm.

A built-in disc-shaped knife 15-17 mm long rises 1.2-2 mm above the surface of the cylindrical rod. The rod is separated from the handle by a small ring-shaped support sleeve. The total length of the rod to the support sleeve is 4-4.5 cm. The handle, 60 mm long and 6 mm in diameter, ends with a ring to make it easier and more confident to hold the knife in your hand (Fig. 14).

The design of the knife allows it to be inserted freely even with significant narrowing or curvature of the nipple canal. The technique for expanding the nipple canal using this knife is simple. The operation is performed without anesthesia on a standing cow. The nipple is grabbed by the tip with the left hand and processed antiseptic solution and the rod is carefully inserted into the nipple canal up to the cutting edge of the disc-shaped knife, guiding the latter between the fingers. Then, with a quick short push, the knife is advanced to the support sleeve, thereby cutting the sphincter to a depth of 2 mm, after which the knife is removed from the nipple canal with the same quick movement.

After the operation, the milk from these lobes is completely milked. During the first 3 days, cows are milked every 3-4 hours (to prevent the growth of connective tissue). In the first days, the top of the teat is lubricated with streptomycin emulsion after each milking.

To eliminate milking difficulties in 34 cows, a universal teat knife was used. After the operation, in order to prevent infection, a self-fixing milk catheter was inserted into the nipple canal, which was removed on the 7-8th day (I. I. Kartashov and G. G. Konyuchenko, 1984).

For the purpose of treating narrowing of the nipple canal, I. A. Podmogin (1986) proposed a surgical knife similar to the knife of E. E. Shkolnikov with a modification. The hollow guide rod has two holes on its wall for discharging antiseptic ointment, which is squeezed out of a tube connected to a knife. The operation technique is as follows. With a sharp movement, the knife is advanced to the support coupling, after which it is pressed onto the container with the emulsion, which enters the cavity of the nipple through the channel through the holes. When removing the knife, repeated pressure is applied to the tube, as a result of which the dissected part of the canal and the canal are filled with ointment, which, according to the author, prevents adhesive inflammation. After the operation, the animal is not milked for 8-12 hours. Subsequently, for 3 days, the emulsion is applied only to the tip of the nipple.

Conservative ways to eliminate tightness. The most common conservative methods of treating narrowing of the nipple canal include frequent catheterization, bougienage using glass, bone, plastic and metal bougies (I. A. Bocharov, 1950; A. P. Studentsov, 1952; A. A. Ostrov, 1964) , the use of polyethylene or plastic Lebenhardg cannulas, as well as cannulas with antibiotics (Yu. A. Nummert, 1967).

However, as subsequent studies showed, conservative methods Treatments for narrowing of the nipple canal very often do not give the desired results. The disadvantages of this treatment are as follows: the treatment is long and labor-intensive, relapses are observed relatively often, and due to the frequent introduction of bougies and catheters, complications are noted (fusion, mastitis, etc.).

When connective tissue grows due to nipple injuries, complete obstruction of the nipple canal may occur.

Operation technique. When the nipple canal is completely closed, P. S. Dyachenko (1957) recommends sequentially inserting a milk catheter for sheep along the nipple canal, then a catheter for cows, and finally a nipple dilator. After this surgical intervention To maintain patency, a silk turunda moistened with Vishnevsky liniment is inserted into the lumen of the nipple. Turunda is left for 2-3 days, then carefully milked. After making a hole, D.D. Logvinov et al. (1957) recommend inserting a cap-shaped knife into its lumen and excising the scar tissue. The recommendations of V.S. Kondratyev and other researchers are worthy of attention: instead of frequent milking, a cannula made of a polyvinyl chloride tube is inserted into the nipple canal for 10-16 days.

Narrowing of the nipple canal. The reasons for the narrowing of the nipple canal in farm animals are hypertrophy of the sphincter of the nipple canal, scars after lesions of the apex of the nipple and inflammatory processes which are accompanied by replacement of the nipple sphincter muscle connective tissue. Often similar functional disorders sphincter of the teat canal, as a spasm, appear as a result of a disorder in diet, housing, milking, etc. Very often, the root cause of tightness can be hypertrophy of the sphincter of the teat canal, which occurs mainly in first-calf heifers as a congenital defect.

Signs. The main symptom of narrowing of the nipple canal is tightness - difficulty milking milk from the nipple tank.

Diagnostics. Stiffness appears when milk is milked or during catheterization of the nipple canal.

Forecast. When the nipple canal is narrowed, the prognosis is favorable, and only in episodes of deep organic changes in the tissues of the nipple canal is it questionable.

Treatment. Depending on the cause of the slowness, a method of neutralizing it is chosen. So, with tightness, which is associated with the congenital narrowness of the nipple canal, sphincter hypertrophy and inflammatory infiltration, soda baths and luminaria sticks are initially used. Conservative treatment They are also performed for functional disorders - spasms of the sphincter of the nipple. In all episodes of organic changes in the tissues of the nipple canal, surgical intervention must be performed.

Positive results in eliminating tightness can be achieved only if re-narrowing of the sphincter of the nipple canal is prevented after its surgical expansion.

To neutralize the stiffness, a set of bougies is proposed, which are made of non-oxidizing metal. The bougie is a beautifully polished rod with a cylinder-shaped head. The diameters of the rods are from one to five millimeters. Any subsequent bougie is 0.5 millimeters thicker than the previous one.

The sequential bougie method includes the principle that a sterilized bougie equal to its diameter is introduced into the nipple canal and left for 2-3 minutes, then a bougie 0.5 millimeters larger than the first is introduced and wait the same amount of time, etc.

If the diameter of the nipple canal is 1.5 millimeters, then it is consistently expanded in the first session to 3-3.5 mm; if the diameter is 2.5 millimeters, then expand to 4-4.5 millimeters and if the diameter is three millimeters - 4.5-5 millimeters. The penultimate bougie is left in the lumen of the nipple canal for 5 minutes, and the last one for 20-30 minutes.

Intervals of at least three days are made between sessions of sequential bougienage. Due to the fact that after bougienage the nipple tissue is prone to partial reduction, the next session of bougienage begins again by measuring the diameter of the nipple canal, after which they begin to sequentially expand it with a similar calculation so that the thickness of the next bougie does not exceed by 1-2 millimeters the diameter of the lumen of the nipple channel.

Repeated bougie sessions are carried out until a bougie with a diameter of 3-3.5-4 millimeters can be freely inserted into the lumen of the nipple canal, i.e., a bougie whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the nipple canal in accordance with the milking norm.

Failure to follow the sequence in bougienage, when trying to expand the nipple canal by including bougies that are significantly larger than the diameter of the nipple canal, leads to undesirable phenomena. With such manipulations, milking is initially facilitated, but after this, usually, a clearly expressed inflammatory process of the tip of the nipple and symptoms of tightness appear, as before its elimination.

The sequential bougienage technique, although it is time-consuming, provides a long-term therapeutic effect.

Currently, most often when eliminating tightness, an incision is made in the sphincter of the nipple canal using a special double-edged blunt lancet, a hidden or buttoned lancet-shaped knife. The lancet is suitable for an individual slow-milking cow; it is easy to make from an ordinary scalpel.

After preparation, infiltration or conduction anesthesia is performed. Big and index fingers With the left hand, take the operated nipple at the top and, pressing with your fingers towards the base of the udder, if possible, bring the sphincter of the nipple canal closer to the site of surgery.

After this manipulation, a cross-shaped incision is made in the sphincter of the nipple canal with a lancet. There is no need to advance the lancet into the depth of the nipple canal by more than 15 millimeters, since this also ensures the correct incision of the sphincter of the nipple canal. Non-compliance this method can lead to a complete cut of the sphincter of the nipple.

After making an incision in the sphincter of the nipple, this quarter is milked out entirely. Over the next three days, frequent milkings are recommended (every two to three hours), with two goals: to prevent infection and to eliminate the fusion of the sphincter incisions of the nipple canal. Three days after the event, the cows are transferred to normal milking.

Instead of frequent milking, after a cross-shaped incision of the sphincter, a polyvinyl or polyethylene tube (see Wounds of the udder nipples) or a pin-shaped cannula made of soft plastic can be inserted into the lumen of the nipple canal.

On the 4-5th day, the tube or cannula is removed, and the cow is transferred to normal milking mode. The use of tubes or pin-shaped cannulas prevents infection of the nipple canal.

After the event, the wound epithelization process proceeds normally. The epithelium at the site of the defect is recreated entirely within 5-7 days.

The article describes diseases of the udder in cows: narrowing (fusion) of the milk tank and narrowing (fusion) of the teat canal, wounds and fistulas of the nipples, as well as milk stones, which make milking difficult and lead to a decrease in milk yield. The causes of their occurrence, methods of treatment and prevention are indicated.

One of serious problems in dairy farming - mammary gland disease in cows

One of the serious problems in dairy farming is mammary gland disease in cows. In addition to mastitis, in clinical practice there are the following diseases nipples: narrowing (fusion) of the milk cistern and narrowing (fusion) of the nipple canal, wounds and fistulas of the nipples, as well as neoplasms and milk stones. With various lesions of the udder's excretory system, cows' milk yield decreases, the use of machine milking becomes impossible, and manual milking becomes difficult.

Culling of cows due to teat diseases and their complications averages 0.16% of the population. They are often registered as “agalactia”, “hypogalactia” or “milk retention” and are not diagnosed in a timely manner.

Narrowing or fusion of the nipple canal can be congenital or acquired. At congenital defect the sphincter muscle circle is too small or the muscles are hypertrophied and do not allow the teat canal to expand during milking. Acquired narrowing is a consequence of damage and inflammatory processes due to violations of the rules of machine milking (high vacuum, poor-quality teat rubber of milking machines, their overexposure on the teats) against the background of unsatisfactory maintenance of cows, insufficient care of the udder before and after milking, lack of vitamin A or unevenness development of udder quarters.

Narrowing of the teat cistern is more often observed in young cows during the 2nd-3rd lactation, that is, when the udder develops most sharply and milk yield increases, which causes low milk yield, decreased productivity and the development of mastitis.

When the nipple cistern narrows or becomes overgrown, due to the inflammatory process, bacterial contamination of the lobes increases. For acute stages inflammation is characterized by thickening of the nipple wall, and for chronic inflammation - the proliferation of connective tissue. The diagnosis of narrowing of the teat cistern is usually established after calving, and is preceded by minor changes in the wall of the udder (nodules, compactions) or its secretion (altered, bloody milk, decreased milk yield), indicating the presence of inflammatory reaction or the hereditary nature of the defect. Radiography gives a more complete picture of scar formations. The narrowing of the cistern is accompanied by hardening of the upper sphincter of the nipple, and the narrowing of the nipple canal is accompanied by compaction or fusion of the external sphincter.

To expand the nipple canal in initial stage You can use dry seaweed sticks (kelp), which swell greatly in a liquid medium. This stick is inserted into the nipple canal 1-2 hours before milking, repeated administrations if necessary, possible 4-5 days after drying the sticks in an oven.

In advanced cases (considerably long-standing scar contractions), these actions do not have a significant effect, so they resort to surgical treatment followed by the introduction of polyvinyl chloride tubes or polyethylene catheters into the nipple. At the same time, milking is facilitated and its speed increases, and an increase in daily milk yield is noted.

A favorable outcome is observed in 80% of cases, and an unfavorable outcome is observed in cases of exacerbation of chronic mastitis and non-compliance with conditions of detention. Mastitis is a contraindication.

Among open traumatic injuries, the most common are deep and perforating wounds, as well as their complications - fistulas, which require surgical treatment. In cases of deep perforating wounds, after surgical debridement and joining the edges, successful healing occurs in 82% of cases. Complications include possible divergence of the wound edges.

Formation of milk stones or small grains sand is associated with under-milking in case of violations general exchange substances in the body and the deposition of phosphorus or calcium salts when casein crumbs are calcified. In the first portions of milk, grains of sand are found, which create slowness. Palpation of the nipple reveals moving round or oval shape. The introduction of a 3% solution of baking soda into the tank ensures their partial removal. In other cases, a catheter is used to soften milk clots.

Prevention of diseases of the udder excretory system is associated with the prevention of mastitis and udder trauma, with the struggle to obtain high-quality milk in hygienic conditions. If changes are detected in the mucous membrane of the nipple or in the milk (pain during milking, hardening in the nipple wall, bloody or watery milk), indicating the possibility of narrowing of the nipple cistern, you should find out the cause and nature of the changes and begin timely treatment animal. If slow milk production is a consequence of defects in the structure of the udder (altered shape of the udder and teats, the presence of additional teats and glands), then such animals are gradually released.

(Based on Internet materials).

Igor Nikolaev

Reading time: 3 minutes

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Producing milk is one of the main goals of cattle breeding. Livestock breeders strive to increase milk yield and improve the quality of milk. But sometimes a cow’s productivity decreases or stops milking altogether. Without serious reasons the milk production process does not stop. Why do some animals become poor milkers and can this be corrected?

Causes of pathology

Among the first causes of slow milk production in a cow are diseases. The mammary glands are susceptible external influences, injury, inflammation and infections. All these problems, to one degree or another, affect the quality and quantity of milk.

Narrowing of the nipple canal

To understand the principle of the disease, you should briefly touch upon. It contains glandular tissue, inside of which there are cells that form milk. It flows through ducts that connect into canals.

A narrowing of the canal is said to occur in the following cases:

• excessive enlargement for pathological reasons;
• received wounds to the top of the nipple;
• inflammatory processes when the sphincter is replaced by connective tissue.

Such disturbances in the functioning of the body are caused by poor quality feeding and maintenance. There may be mistakes in milking, especially without proper technique. hardware method. For example, there was a strong vacuum, bad teat rubber on milking machines and other issues. Adherence to hygiene rules also plays a role.

Slow milking occurs most often with this pathology in cows that have calved for the first time. It can be observed until the third lactation. In a slow-milking cow, the defect is determined by the milk that comes out with great difficulty and in small streams.

In most cases, milkers do not complete the process and leave milk in the udder. As a result, it stagnates and leads to inflammation. For this reason, milk yields are declining.

Nipple canal regrowth

Complete overgrowth of the nipple canal also leads to tightness of the cow. The tip of the nipple could also be injured, foreign tumors and other defects appeared on it. Overgrowth is considered a consequence of pathology:

• congenital, when the sphincter is very small or the accumulation of muscles prevents it from expanding during milking;
• acquired when diseases, inflammation, rough machine milking, hypovitaminosis, and improper development of the udder interfere.

A quarter of the udder with such a teat will be soft, and the cow will not experience discomfort when touched.

The cow has a canal, but there is a lot of skin in front of its opening. When you press on the nipple, the tip then rises noticeably.

Milk stones

Stones appear in the milk passages from the accumulation of phosphorus salts or casein flakes. During milking, the livestock breeder may notice them: there seems to be sand in the milk.

But sometimes the stones are large, they get stuck in the milk passages and enlarge in the cistern itself. At the same time, they connect with each other and turn into peas. The formations are different: dense, soft, elastic.

Fertility in a cow is associated with the following factors:

1. damage to the walls of the milk ducts;
2. metabolic and mineral disorders;
3. The last drops of milk are not milked and settle in the udder.

While squeezing the teats, the cattle owner notices stiffness, the presence of sand and small balls in them. They are easy to feel through the skin.

Treatment of low milk yield in cows should begin when the first symptoms appear. Otherwise, complications can lead to serious inflammatory and infectious diseases:

1. First of all, you can try dry seaweed sticks. They are placed in the teat canal an hour before milking. There they swell and expand the hole. Then the sticks are dried and used again after five days. The method is good in the absence of mastitis, wounds and other pathologies;
2. small stones are squeezed out through the canal, large ones are first crushed with a catheter and massage. Then they come out with the milk. Huge formations will have to be removed by opening the tank. Then the incision is sutured, having first installed a catheter in the canal. You can remove the stones a little by introducing a three percent solution of baking soda into the tank;
3. V difficult situations resort to surgery. The skin covering the canal is carefully burned or the excess area is simply cut off. The wound must be treated with antiseptics. Sometimes special plastic tubes are inserted into the nipple.

After this, it is left there for a couple of minutes. Then a bougie with a diameter of five millimeters larger is placed into the canal. So in an increasing manner to expand the hole by half. The last bougie is left in it for half an hour. Similar experiments can be repeated every three days.

If the procedure is carried out incorrectly, then at first you can achieve relief from milking, and then aggravate the situation. The tip of the nipple becomes inflamed and tightness returns.

In rare cases, the muscles of the nipple canal are cut with a special knife. The depth of the incision should not exceed one and a half centimeters, otherwise the sphincter can be cut off completely. This and the previous technique should be performed by a practicing veterinarian or surgeon.

After all the manipulations, you need to milk the milk completely. Over the next three days, the cow is milked every four hours. This prevents infection and fusion of the incisions. On average, milk ejection lasts about five minutes with uniform compression and professionalism of the worker.

Etiology. The causes of narrowing of the nipple canal are hypertrophy of the sphincter of the nipple canal, scars after injuries to the tip of the nipple and inflammatory processes accompanied by replacement of the sphincter muscle of the nipple with connective tissue. Often, such functional disorders of the sphincter of the teat canal as spasm arise as a result of violations of the feeding regime, housing, milking, etc. The most common cause of tightness is hypertrophy of the sphincter of the teat canal, which occurs mainly in first-calf heifers as a congenital defect.

Symptoms The main sign of narrowing of the nipple canal is tightness - difficulty milking milk from the nipple tank.

Diagnostics. Tightness is established during milk delivery or during catheterization of the nipple canal.

Forecast. When the nipple canal is narrowed, the prognosis is favorable, and only in cases of deep organic changes in the tissues of the nipple canal is it questionable.

Treatment. Depending on the cause of the tightness, a method for eliminating it is chosen. So, for tightness associated with the congenital narrowness of the nipple canal, sphincter hypertrophy and inflammatory infiltration, soda baths and luminaria sticks are first used. Conservative treatment is also carried out for functional disorders - spasms of the sphincter of the nipple. In all cases of organic changes in the tissues of the nipple canal, surgical intervention is necessary.

Positive results in eliminating tightness can be achieved only if re-narrowing of the sphincter of the nipple canal is prevented after its surgical expansion.

To eliminate sluggishness, a set of bougies made of non-oxidizing metal is proposed. The bougie is a well-polished cylindrical rod with a head. The diameters of the rods are from 1 to 5 mm. Each subsequent bougie is 0.5 mm thicker than the previous one.

The method of sequential bougie is that a sterilized bougie equal to its diameter is introduced into the nipple poop and left for 2-3 minutes, then a bougie 0.5 mm larger than the first is introduced and kept for the same amount of time, etc. If the diameter of the nipple channel is 1.5 mm, then it is successively expanded in the first session to 3-3.5 mm; if the diameter is 2.5 mm, then expand to 4-4.5 mm and with a diameter of 3 mm - 4.5-5 mm. The penultimate bougie is left in the lumen of the nipple for 5 minutes, and the last one for 20-30 minutes.

Intervals of at least 3 days are made between sessions of sequential bougienage. Due to the fact that after bougienage the nipple tissue is prone to partial contraction, the next bougienage session begins again with measuring the diameter of the nipple canal, after which they proceed to its sequential expansion in such a way that the thickness of the next bougie does not exceed the diameter of the lumen of the nipple canal by 1-2 mm .

Repeated bougie sessions are performed until a bougie with a diameter of 3-3.5-4 mm can be freely inserted into the lumen of the teat canal, i.e., a bougie whose diameter is equal to the diameter of the teat canal of a normally milking cow.

Failure to comply with the sequence in bougienage, when they try to expand the nipple canal by introducing bougies that significantly exceed the diameter of the nipple canal, leads to undesirable phenomena. With such manipulations, milking is initially facilitated, but after this, as a rule, pronounced inflammation of the tip of the nipple and signs of tightness occur, as before its elimination.

The method of sequential bougienage, although associated with a lot of time, provides a long-lasting therapeutic effect.

Currently, most often, when eliminating tightness, an incision is made in the sphincter of the nipple canal using a special double-edged blunt-ended lancet, a hidden or button-shaped lancet-shaped knife. The lancet is suitable for any slow-milking cow; it can be easily made from a regular scalpel.

After preparing the surgical field, infiltration or conduction anesthesia is performed. With the thumb and forefinger of the left hand, grab the operated nipple at the apex and, pressing your fingers towards the base of the udder, bring the sphincter of the nipple canal closer to the site of surgery if possible. After this, a cross-shaped incision is made in the sphincter of the nipple canal with a lancet. The lancet should not be advanced into the depth of the nipple canal by more than 15 mm, since this also ensures the correct incision of the sphincter of the nipple canal. Failure to do this may result in a complete cut of the nipple sphincter. After making an incision in the sphincter of the teat, this quarter is milked out completely. In the next 3 days, frequent milking is recommended (every 2-3 hours), with two goals: to prevent infection and to eliminate the fusion of the sphincter incisions of the nipple canal. 3 days after the operation, the cows are transferred to normal milking.

Instead of frequent milking, after a cross-shaped incision of the sphincter, a polyvinyl or polyethylene tube (see Wounds of the udder nipples) or a pin-shaped cannula made of soft plastic can be inserted into the lumen of the nipple canal. On the 4-5th day, the tube or cannula is removed, and the cow is transferred to normal milking mode. The use of tubes or pin-shaped cannulas prevents infection of the nipple canal.

After the operation, the process of epithelization of the wound proceeds normally. The epithelium at the site of the defect is completely restored within 5-7 days.