The benefits of onion scales. A few words about onion scales

The most specific organ for the genus Allium is the bulb. This peculiar, modified shoot is formed mainly by juicy scales, for the sake of which a number of species of a large genus of onions are mainly brought into cultivation.

The scales are of leaf origin, as evidenced by both their morphological character and the features of the internal structure, as shown below.

The scales of the considered species are of the tunic, or concentric type: each scale grows together at the edges and thus completely covers the previous scale. Thus, the scales of the bulb are, as it were, nested one inside the other.

Morphological nature (origin) juicy scales at the bows can be different: open and closed scales can form in the same bulb. Open scales are structurally in varying degrees thickened and, consequently, somewhat modified sheaths of assimilating green leaves. Closed scales are even more sharply hypertrophied (with an overgrown thickened mesophyll) and clearly modified according to anatomical features, shortened leaves that do not have assimilation tissues at all. Both types of juicy scales perform nutritional and partly protective function: at the top of the donets, as well as in the axils of the scales, vegetative and generative buds are located. The cells of succulent scales, as a rule, do not contain chloroplasts, which are sometimes found only in the outer layers of tissues of the outer succulent scale.

The thickness of juicy scales varies by species, subspecies, varieties: in individual plants, it depends on the type of scales (open or closed), and within the same bulb, on the location of each scale. In the species we examined, the greatest thickness of closed scales was noted in onions with one juicy scale in the bulb or in daughter bulbs (like A. sativum scales) - up to 1-2 cm, sometimes more. In bulbs with numerous scales, the thickness of each scale is less, while the thickness of closed scales in our experiment does not exceed 10 mm, and that of open scales is 5 mm.

The mesophyll of succulent scales of cultivated species (both 1-2-year-old and perennial) is usually undifferentiated, which can be explained by the loss of scales in the process of evolution and selection of the photosynthetic function of the leaf. Only one fragrant onion still retained a weak differentiation: in some places of transverse sections of scales Bottom part mesophyll (up to half of its entire thickness) consists of cells elongated in a tangential direction. The most typical structure of succulent scales among cultivated species is characterized by onions and multi-tiered onions. In the succulent scales of their bulbs, only the cells of the two lower rows of the mesophyll are also elongated tangentially; most of the tissue of undifferentiated or poorly differentiated mesophyll consists of large thin-walled parenchymal cells of isodiametric shape, close to round. Intercellular spaces are large.

There are also deviations from the typical structure of the mesophyll. So, in the slime onion, the cells of juicy scales are rather small with large intercellular spaces, and, in addition, in this species and the fragrant onion, large cells alternate with small ones throughout the entire thickness of the mesophyll. In chives, mesophyll cells of succulent scales (as well as green leaves) are smaller than in other studied species, while a variety of mesophyll cells was noted not only in size, but also in shape - from isodiametric to tangentially elongated. In onion, the cell sizes increase, and their walls become thinner from the lower epidermis to the upper one. The largest intercellular spaces were found in the multi-tiered onion, batun and leek, and in the first species the dimensions of the intercellular spaces increase in the direction from the lower epidermis to the upper one, where large cavities are formed.

Onion peel is rich in content with many useful chemical substances. It contains flavonoids, phytoncides, antioxidants, carotenoids.

Vitamins C, P, E, PP, group B, organic acids, quercetin. Trace elements (zinc, iodine, potassium, iron, sulfur, calcium, phosphorus and others).

Benefit onion peel in the content of fibers that lower the risks of heart disease, cancer, gastrointestinal tract.

Onion husks are the integumentary scales of the bulb that have undergone aging. It contains natural antioxidants useful material protecting the body from negative impact environment.

The benefit of the husk is that it can have a positive effect on all organs and systems of the body.

For what diseases is it used?

Beneficial features:

• cardioprotective;
• tones up cardiac activity;
• expectorant properties;
• immunomodulating;
• antiseptic;
• antimicrobial;
• antitumor properties;
• regenerating;
• choleretic;
• anti-inflammatory;
• slows down aging;
• laxative properties;
• antispasmodic;
• anticonvulsant;
• removes chlorine and sodium from the body;
• antihistamine properties;
• antioxidant;
• vasodilators;
• lowers the release rate of histamine and other biological substances;
• hemostatic properties;
• diuretic;
• increases vascular tone;
• membrane stabilizing;
• antiatherosclerotic.

Also, which have a positive effect on the functioning of many organs and systems.

Application

Onion peel infusion is used to treat the following pathological conditions:

• with painful periods;
• arthritis, rheumatism;
• systemic;
• in the absence of menstruation;
• ulcerative colitis;
• hay fever;
• from dry, productive cough;
• bronchial asthma;
• skin diseases (psoriasis, atopic dermatitis);
• viral infections, SARS, influenza;
• angina;
• neoplasms in the mammary glands;
• diseases of the heart, blood vessels;
• allergic reactions;
• pyelonephritis, cystitis;
• convulsive syndrome;
• hypertension;
• atherosclerosis;
• stroke, heart attack;
• retinopathy;
• thrombosis, varicose veins veins;
• erosive and ulcerative diseases of the oral mucosa and upper divisions digestive tract;
• ovarian cancer, colon cancer;
• endometriosis;
• burns, frostbite;
• wrinkles;
• hair loss, dandruff.

Recipes

Some recipes alternative medicine:

• decoction of onion peel in the absence of menstruation (amenorrhea).

  Prepare 2-3 tbsp. brew spoons of crushed onion peel with a liter of boiling water. Bring the infusion to a boil and turn off the heat, leaving it on the stove for another 15 minutes. Cool, filter, drink ½ cup, twice a day, 30 minutes before meals. This decoction is also used for delaying menstruation. If during menstruation meager discharge. The resulting decoction for menstruation can act a day after ingestion;

• rhinitis.

  In boiling water, pour 4 tbsp. spoons of crumbled husks, breathe in fumes for 3-5 minutes;

• with painful periods.

  Prepare the husk with 2 kg of onion, brew with 3 liters of hot water, put on a quiet fire and boil until the broth becomes a rich red color. Cool, filter, consume ½ cup twice a day (morning, evening) on ​​an empty stomach. Well therapeutic treatment 1-2 weeks, such a decoction for menstruation begins its "work" 24 after administration. You need to be careful when taking it, as a decoction for menstruation can be harmful to health, cause bleeding;

• decoction of onion peel for dry cough.

  Prepare 2 tbsp. spoons of crushed husks brew 400 ml of boiling water, boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Cool, filter, consume warm ¼ cup, three times a day 30 minutes before meals;

• angina.

  Prepare 2 tbsp. spoons of crumbled husks, 5 tbsp. spoons of spruce or pine needles, 3 tbsp. spoons of crushed rose hips. Brew the finished mixture with 700 ml of boiling water, put on a quiet fire for 15 minutes. Filter, drink instead of water throughout the day;

• from a productive cough.

  Boil the husks from 10 onions with a liter of boiling water, put on a slow fire and boil until ½ of the volume remains. Cool, filter. From severe cough─ consume 2/3 cups, three times a day, supplement the cough solution with honey. From wet cough, with sputum discharge, you will need to consume half the volume of the decoction than for a strong cough. You can also consume onion tea for cough, for this, the prepared decoction is added to black tea, you should drink it throughout the day. Infusions are consumed until the cough disappears completely;

• onion peel decoction for fungal infections.

  For these purposes, prepare a tincture. You need 8 tbsp. spoons of husk pour ½ liter of vodka or medical alcohol, defend for a week in a cool, hopeless place. After that, filter, lubricate the affected areas 2-3 times a day. Another recipe, you need to soar your legs in a strong, hot onion solution, for 20-30 minutes;

• benefit in stomatitis.

  3 art. brew spoons of crushed raw materials with ½ liter of water, boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Cool, filter, rinse oral cavity every 2-3 hours. The broth should be in a warm form;

• cystitis, pyelonephritis.

  Brew 3 teaspoons of husk with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. filter, consume 1 tbsp. spoons at least 4 times a day;

• prostatitis, adenoma.

  Brew a mug of crushed raw materials with a liter of boiling water, boil over low heat for 15-30 minutes. cool, filter, consume 1 mug, twice a day, for 30 days;

• dry, old corns.

  Fill a glass container with 200 gr. crushed raw materials, pour 9% table vinegar. To defend for 14 days in a hopeless, cool place. Filter, apply the resulting mixture to the calluses, fix on top with a plaster and bandage. Such a compress is left for the whole night, in the morning steam out the legs in hot water and remove rough skin;

• for vascular elasticity.

  Rinse a handful of husks under running water, brew ½ liter of boiling water, boil over low heat for 15 minutes. Filter, mix with weakly brewed black tea, drink ¼ cup, three times a day;

• phlebeurysm.

  3 art. brew spoons of crushed raw materials with a mug of hot water, defend for 6-8 hours. Filter, consume ¼ cup, 3-4 times a day for 10 days, after a week you can repeat the course. With such a decoction, it is possible to treat the disease locally, for this, the affected areas are wiped several times daily;

• abscess.

  Take 2 tbsp. spoons of onion peel and fresh plantain leaves, crumble everything, mix, brew 1.5 cups of boiling water. Boil over low heat for 5 minutes, squeeze out the leaves and husks. Add 1 teaspoon of flour and natural honey to the chilled infusion. Moisten sterile gauze, bandage in the resulting composition, apply to the affected area for 5-6 hours. Perform manipulation daily to improve the condition;

• warts.

  Take 2 tbsp. spoons of crushed raw materials and brew a mug of boiling water, stand for 4-6 hours. Filter, use topically to wipe the growths.

Contraindications

Despite the fact that there are benefits in the husk, there are contraindications to its use. Harm from taking it can bring people with the following conditions:

• harm in the use of onion peel is applied to persons with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• harm in use for persons with allergic reactions;
• it is not recommended to use onion decoction for treatment for people who are on a strict diet;
• contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to one of the components;
• harm to use with increased blood clotting, since the quercetin contained in onions is able to thicken the blood;
• harm in the use of onion peel in combination with potent drugs.

It should be noted that during gestation onion broth, perhaps, to consume, but it is better to consult a specialist. The benefits are changing negative consequences if you consume a decoction
along with alcohol.

Onion is a vegetable that is very often used in the preparation of various dishes. Not everyone knows that onion peel, which is mostly thrown away, is an excellent fertilizer.

Onion scales contain: carotene, vitamins, phytoncides.

It is believed that carotene has a very great life-giving force. It serves as an antioxidant for plants. It helps them increase stamina and resistance to various diseases. In addition, it kills harmful microorganisms, including fungi.

A large amount of phytoncides is concentrated in onion scales. They destroy the harmful environment that exists in the soil - fungi, bacteria. To use phytoncides, and they do not "volatilize", the scales are poured with water.

Onions contain a huge amount of vitamin B1. It reacts with phosphoric acid to form a carboxylase. This substance is necessary for sprouts for the regeneration of carbons and the production of nutrients.

More husk contains nicotinic acid, which processes oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur. Helps out with nicotines in low light. It stimulates the formation of roots, strengthens them.

Feeding young seedlings by watering is very useful, because after the seedlings grow much faster, its stems become powerful and thick, and the leaves become stronger.

Onion peel as a fertilizer

Try the husks, which were collected during the winter, to bring into the ground during spring digging. You will increase your harvest.

How to improve productivity?

We are constantly getting letters in which amateur gardeners are worried that due to the cold summer this year, a poor harvest of potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, and other vegetables. Last year we published TIPS about this. But unfortunately, many did not listen, but some still applied. Here is a report from our reader, we want to advise plant growth biostimulantswhich will help increase the yield by up to 50-70%.

Read...

To prepare a recharge, you need to take a handful of onion scales, add 1.5 liters of water, put on fire, wait 7 minutes after boiling. After cool. With this fertilizer, you can spray the leaves, water the ground of indoor plants to prevent diseases, so that pests do not appear, and it is also feeding the sprouts with the amount of nutrients they need. But we must not forget that you constantly need to prepare a fresh decoction, since it is not stored, but loses its beneficial properties and goes rotten.

You can also mix the onion scales into the soil when sowing the seeds. different cultures. has a bactericidal effect and improves the “immunity” of seedlings, which are much less sick, and yield more.

The use of onion scales for plant diseases

If you saw that the seedlings of zucchini, zucchini, cucumbers turned yellow leaves. Then take 4 handfuls of onion peel, pour a bucket of water (10 l), boil. Let it persist. Then dilute 2 liters of the finished mixture with a bucket warm water and water the cucumber seedlings. Use the composition also for yellowed sprouts of the pumpkin family. In addition, you can use this composition to feed tomato sprouts.

With improper care: excessive soil moisture, watering with cold water, poor ventilation, too in large numbers nitrogen fertilizers, and even with sudden changes in temperature, you can see how the base of the stem darkens in indoor flowers, as well as garden plants, after which they fall. This means that a fungus has arisen on the sprouts. This disease is called "black leg". Onion scales also help in this situation. Fill the husk with water, let it settle. Treat diseased plants 3 times, observing an interval between treatments of 6 days.

If you found on indoor plants thrips or spider mites, then the husk will definitely help. Thrips are the smallest insects, they are absolutely impossible to see, you will see only black dots. If there are a lot of insects, then silvery and brownish stripes are visible on the leaves. It is the thrips that secrete a sticky fluid that causes a disease called "soot fungus". Spider mites are very small insects whose body is covered with sparse bristles. When they appear, you may notice a slightly prominent cobweb on the plants.

Dial a liter jar of onion scales. Mix with 2 liters of warm water. Let stand 48 hours, then strain. Add there liquid soap. Dilute with water twice, wipe the leaves of plants, and then spray them. It is necessary that the composition gets on the underside of the leaves.

Aphids can be of different shades, the most common are green and black, but white, yellow, brown can appear. If you see a lot of aphids near flowers, then you need to react quickly. Pour a glass of husk with a bucket of warm water (10 l), let it stand for 15 hours. Treat sprouts affected by aphids with this composition.

To prevent the appearance of pests in the greenhouse, put a bucket in which you make an infusion of onion scales. Spray crops with a whisk from time to time.

How to prepare a nutritious decoction for your favorite flowers?

Potato tubers can be placed in an infusion of onion scales before planting. Then the bushes will grow faster. They are less damaged by pests: wireworm and even the Colorado potato beetle. But from the Colorado potato beetle, you need to soak the tubers in a multi-day infusion.

And a little about the secrets of the Author

Have you ever experienced unbearable joint pain? And you know firsthand what it is:

• inability to move easily and comfortably;
• discomfort when going up and down stairs;
• unpleasant crunch, clicking not of their own free will;
• pain during or after exercise;
• inflammation in the joints and swelling;
• unreasonable and sometimes unbearable aching pain in the joints...

Onions, which everyone is familiar with, are perennial (biennial or annual in culture) herbaceous plant from the Amaryllis family of the genus Onion. The vegetable bulb has a diameter of up to 15 cm. It is membranous with hard, dry outer scales that are yellow, purple or White color depending on the type of onion. They are usually thrown away when using the product for food - and in vain, since it is they that contain a large number of various medicinal substances which can cure many diseases. The leaves of the plant are tubular, erect or breaking in the middle, bluish-green in color. The flower-bearing arrow of the bow has a height of about one and a half meters. Lilac flowers or white color, collected in an inflorescence umbrella at the top of the arrow and have long pedicels. Not infrequently, in addition to flowers, small bulbs are also formed in the inflorescence, which take root, falling to the ground. The fruit of the plant is a box in which there are up to 7 seeds. Seeds are black, small and wrinkled. The flowering period of onions falls on June-July. Seeds ripen in August.

Onions are cultivated throughout the world as a food crop and are grown on an industrial scale. AT medicinal purposes used only in traditional medicine.

The chemical composition of onion peel

All the beneficial properties of the husk are directly related to its chemical composition. In this part of the plant, according to the results of research, the following medicinal substances were identified:

• vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that not only slows down the aging process of tissues in the human body, but also reduces the level bad cholesterol and has a preventive effect against oncological diseases, diabetes and disease of cardio-vascular system;
• ascorbic acid - a substance necessary for strengthening the vascular walls and improving blood clotting, as well as maintaining the immune system, cartilage and bones in good condition;
• nicotinic acid - a substance that improves metabolism, supports the healthy functioning of the immune system and is necessary for the full functioning of the cortex hemispheres brain. In addition, to some extent it has a preventive effect against diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• a complex of vitamins of group B - substances necessary to eliminate overvoltage nervous system, including those caused by significant mental overload. In addition, the component in the composition of the husk has a positive effect on the functioning of the liver and accelerates the process of restoring the body after suffering serious illnesses and surgical interventions;
• carotene - a substance that has a preventive effect against diseases of the cardiovascular system and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as a strengthening effect on the entire body;
• phytoncides - substances that have a strong antimicrobial action, as well as relieving inflammation;
• quercetin is a biologically active compound that has the strongest anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, regenerating and bactericidal effects on the human body;
• mineral salts of calcium, potassium and iron - are necessary in the body to maintain a normal water-salt balance. In addition, they have diuretic and mild laxative effects.

All these components in the composition of the plant allow you to get rid of many ailments and, moreover, without any unpleasant side effects. However, all useful properties This product can be used only if there are no contraindications to the use of medicines based on onion peel.

Contraindications to the use of onion peel

To use medicines prepared on the basis of onion husks have, if not numerous, but at the same time serious contraindications, the violation of which is strictly prohibited. You will need to refuse such a remedy in the following cases:

• increased blood viscosity - the substances that make up the onion peel further increase the density of the blood, which is why there is an increase in the risk of blood clots, as well as the development of heart attacks and strokes;
• exacerbation of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - at this moment, due to some causticity of the drug prepared on the basis of the husk, there is a risk of even greater irritation of the mucosa, and as a result, increased pain syndrome and discomfort;
• alcohol consumption - the components in the composition of the plant in this case can provoke some disturbances in the liver due to its overload. This condition significantly worsens the patient's well-being, and therefore should not be brought to it;
• the use of a number of synthetic medicines- onion peel is not combined with every drug, and therefore, when using them, you should consult a doctor before starting herbal therapy;
• allergic reaction to the product.

It is very important to strictly observe contraindications, otherwise there is a risk of getting harm from the husk instead of benefit. In addition to contraindications, when using onion medicine, all recommended dosages should be strictly observed, since if they are significantly overestimated, there is a risk of overdose, which will cause diarrhea, vomiting and pain in the gastrointestinal tract.

What diseases does onion peel help with?

Onion peel has a lot of medicinal properties. It is actively used both in the treatment of diseases and in their prevention.

During the seasonal outbreak viral diseases, such as flu and colds, the husk is used as a medicine to prevent infection. This is due to the fact that the product is strong antiviral agent which is also very stimulating immune system, due to which, even if the disease occurs, it proceeds much easier and practically does not give complications.

The anti-inflammatory properties of the plant make it possible to use it as an additional therapy for pneumonia, cystitis and others. inflammatory diseases internal organs. However, it is important to remember that in such a situation, onion peel can only be used as additional treatment, because in order to become the main one, it is still not a strong enough tool.

Do not forget about the ability of onions to reduce the level of bad cholesterol in the body, which causes atherosclerosis, heart attacks and strokes. In addition, by removing harmful cholesterol from the body, the plant helps to improve the functioning of the liver, which, due to the presence of this bad cholesterol, can cause significant malfunctions.

If there are diseases of the cardiovascular system, then the compositions prepared on the basis of the husk will also not be superfluous. They have a beneficial effect not only on the vascular walls, but also on the heart muscle, which is why the patient's condition quickly improves. In addition, the medicine prepared on the basis of this product prevents the occurrence of heart attacks and strokes, which often cause death.

In pre-diabetic condition, or even diabetes, it is necessary to use compositions based on onion peel. They help to activate the production of insulin by the pancreas and improve the excretion of glucose from the body. Thanks to this effect of the husk on the human body, it turns out to significantly improve the patient's condition in a short time.

The husk will also be useful for violations in the functioning of the kidneys, when inflammation occurs and insufficient urine production is observed. Compositions prepared on the basis of onion peel differ high efficiency and at the same time help to solve the problem with health very gently.

When onion peel is chosen as a decongestant, it is used as a diuretic of increased effectiveness, which can rid the body of the entire volume. excess fluid. The effect of the husk is gentle on the kidneys, and therefore, with this use, you can not be afraid to overload them.

How to prepare medicine from onion peel

A decoction of onion peel to get rid of beriberi

In order to cook effective remedy against the problem, you should take 30 g of husk, pour it with 400 ml of water, place the composition on water bath and warm after boiling for 20 minutes. Then the product is left to cool and filter. This medicine is taken in 1 glass with the addition lemon juice taste. The therapy is carried out for 1 month.

Composition for getting rid of prostatitis (including chronic)

In order to cook medicinal composition you should take 2 tablespoons of husks and 50 g of hazelnut shells and pour the mixture into 2 liters cold water. The composition is brought to a boil and boiled for 1 hour. Then, removing from the fire, it is insisted for 3 hours. Then the medicine is filtered and taken 1/3 cup in the morning and evening for 3 weeks.

Medicine for the prevention of disorders in the work of the intestines

This herbal medicine is highly effective and solves problems gently and very effectively. To obtain it, you need to take 2 tablespoons of the husk and pour them with 2 cups of boiling water. The composition is insisted in a thermos for 3 hours, after which it is very well filtered with gauze. Use this remedy for 1/2 cup for 3 weeks 2 times a day.

Onion peel, which most people unfairly consider garbage, is actually an excellent medicine against the most various diseases. With the correct and timely application of onion peel, the result will not be long in coming.

Biology Grade 6

Topic #2 Cell structure plants.

Lesson 1(4): Structure and life plant cell.

Laboratory work No. 2 "Cellular structure of onion skin"

Purpose: to reveal the structural features of a plant cell.

Equipment: bulb, microscope, slide and coverslip, dissecting needle, tweezers, pipette, water. iodine solution, napkin.

Working process:

Stage 1: Micropreparation

Prepare glass slide, wipe it with gauze ..

Apply 1-2 drops of water on glass.

Dissecting needle remove. skin from the inner surface of the onion scales.

Put piece of skin into a drop of water and spread with the tip of the needle.

cover skin with a cover glass.

Stage 2: Microscopy at low magnification.

1 .Consider preparation under a microscopeat low magnification. Note which parts of the cell you see.

2. Analyze textand correlate with your image of onion cells.

"On the micropreparation, oblong cells are visible, tightly adhering to one another.

Each cell has a dense transparentshell with thinner sectionspores, which can only be distinguished by high magnification.

The composition of plant cell membranes includes a special substance - cellulose, which gives them strength.

Inside is a colorless viscous substance -cytoplasm (from the Greek words "kitos" - vessel and "plasma" - formation). With strong heating and freezing, it is destroyed, and then the cell dies.The cytoplasm contains a small densecore , in which the nucleolus can be distinguished. Using an electron microscope, it was found that the cell nucleus has a very complex structure.In almost all cells, especially in old ones, cavities are clearly visible -vacuoles (from Latin word"vacuum" - empty). They are filled with cell sap - water with sugars dissolved in it. Cell sap may contain dyes (pigments) that give blue, purple, raspberry color to petals and other parts of plants, as well as autumn leaves.

Stage 3: Staining the preparation with iodine solution. Microscopy at high magnification.

1 . Stain the slide with iodine solution. To do this, put a drop of iodine solution on a glass slide. With the filter paper on the other hand, pull off the excess solution.2. Examine the stained preparation. What changes have taken place?3. View the slide at high magnification. Find chloroplasts on it.

Stage 4: Registration of the results of the work. Formulation of conclusions.

1. Sketch a diagram of the structure of a plant cell and designate: the nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuole.

2. Do conclusions about the structural features of the plant cell.