Vaccination 4 in 1 name. How many times do you get the DPT vaccine in your entire life?

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1. Vaccination is also carried out to contact persons without age restrictions from foci of the disease who have not previously been ill, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles or have been vaccinated once; adults from 36 to 55 years old belonging to risk groups (medical and educational organizations, organizations of trade, transport, communal and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation) who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated previously, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles.
2. Adults working in certain professions and positions (workers of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women, persons subject to conscription military service; persons with chronic diseases, including lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity.
3. Infection prevention is included in the calendar according to epidemic indications for risk groups.
4. Adults from risk groups, including those subject to military service.
5. Persons living in regions disadvantaged by the incidence of hepatitis A, as well as persons at occupational risk of infection ( medical workers, public service workers employed in food industry enterprises, as well as those servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks).
   Persons traveling to disadvantaged countries (regions) where outbreaks of hepatitis A are registered.
   Contact faces in foci of hepatitis A.
6. In outbreaks meningococcal infection caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C.
   Persons subject to conscription for military service.
7. WITH preventive purpose vaccinate people who have high risk rabies infection: persons working with the “street” rabies virus, veterinarians, rangers, hunters, foresters, persons performing work on catching and keeping animals.
8. In foci of goat-sheep type brucellosis, persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it; livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis; persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis.
9. Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as organizations carrying out sanitary cleaning of populated areas, collection, transportation and disposal of household waste).
   Persons working with live cultures of pathogens typhoid fever. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to countries (regions) hyperendemic for typhoid fever.
   Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever for epidemic indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak ( natural disasters, major accidents on the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during the epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region.
10. People at risk, including those subject to military service, who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had chickenpox.
11. Persons traveling outside Russian Federation in countries (regions) enzootic for yellow fever. Persons working with live cultures of the pathogen yellow fever.
12. Persons living in areas where tick-borne viral encephalitis is endemic; persons traveling to areas endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, irrigation, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis.
13. Persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; on catching and keeping stray animals.
    Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis.
14. Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where Q fever diseases are registered.
    Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas for Q fever.
    Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens.
15. Contact persons in foci of polio, persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus, without age restrictions.
16. Persons performing the following work: livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expeditionary on enzootic anthrax territories.
    Persons working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax.
17. Persons living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population.
    Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia.
18. Persons traveling to countries (regions) affected by cholera. Population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of complications in the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation.
19. Persons living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen.
20. Workers medical organizations(their structural divisions) infectious profile. Persons employed in the field Catering and public improvement.
    According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis.
    Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis.
21. Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps.

Children's diseases are usually called measles, diphtheria, chickenpox and most diseases for which vaccinations are given. In fact, they are not children's at all - nothing changes with age.

It's just that all these diseases are easy to catch. Before mass vaccination, people became infected as soon as they encountered pathogens. This happened in early age, and then the sick either died or acquired active immunity, which protected them. So it seemed that only children were sick.

Now there is no need to risk your life for the sake of immunity - there is. But if you haven’t had them done or have had them done for too long, you are at risk.

Currently, no one will warn a person about the timing of immunization: you need to find out for yourself right time and age of revaccination.

Olga Vladimirovna Shirai, epidemiologist, head of the epidemiological department of St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution "Elizabeth Hospital"

Many adults do not revaccinate, but still do not get sick thanks to their immunity. Some people have it after an illness, some after a vaccination (even if everyone has forgotten about it), others are protected by collective immunity - epidemics simply have nowhere to roam if the majority are vaccinated. Revaccination is needed to avoid getting sick and not to provoke epidemics.

How can I find out what vaccinations I have had?

In theory, all vaccinations are recorded on a card or vaccination certificate, and cards with data travel with the person from clinic to clinic.

In practice there is none of this. Even if you have been attached to the same clinic all your life, your registration has not changed, all this data can easily be lost. For everyone else, this is a “I remember - I don’t remember” quest. Most likely you don't remember.

If this is so, then there is a guideline for those born in Russia - the national vaccination calendar. If there is a vaccine in it, you may have received it. Then you most likely need a revaccination, because not all vaccinations last a lifetime. If vaccination is not on the national calendar, then you need to get it anyway.

What tests will show that there were vaccinations?

If a person has ever been vaccinated, he has antibodies to this disease. These are proteins that attack bacteria or viruses that have entered the body. They are designated as IgG. - immunoglobulins type G.

Conduct a blood test for the presence of antibodies to viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio (in relation to three types virus), measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough. To do this, a RPGA reaction is carried out with the appropriate diagnosticum (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps) or ELISA (whooping cough, hepatitis, rubella).

Olga Shirai

For immunity to work, a certain titer is needed - the amount of these same immunoglobulins. If the titer is low, you need to get vaccinated. The indicators for all vaccinations are different; this is discussed with the doctor separately.

But even if you get vaccinated against a disease to which you already have immunity, nothing special will happen - the agents introduced with the vaccine will be destroyed.

What vaccines can you get vaccinated with?

When it comes to vaccines, the rule of thumb is “the newer the better,” because researchers are constantly working on improvements. New vaccines are well tolerated and often protect against several diseases at once.

Even if you were vaccinated with old vaccines as a child, you can safely revaccinate with new ones - there will be no conflict.

We have listed the vaccines that are approved for use in Russia Vaccines of the national vaccination calendar.. To learn more about them, you need to read the instructions and study the contraindications. Some vaccines are not available in clinics, while others are simply difficult to find.

How to get vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Women who have not had chickenpox and are planning a pregnancy should also be vaccinated against this disease, since infection during pregnancy (especially during early stages) can lead to the development of defects in the fetus and even miscarriage.

Olga Shirai

The chickenpox vaccination can also be done to prevent the disease if there has been contact with a sick person. WHO considers this measure effective if vaccination is carried out no later than 72 hours after contact healthy person with the patient.

Vaccine:"Varilrix."

How to get vaccinated against polio?

Polio viruses have terrible complications: one out of 200 people who recover from the disease suffers complications in the form of paralysis. You need to get vaccinated if you have no immunity and you are going to a country where the disease is common.

The vaccination is done in three stages. Better to use inactivated vaccine- the one that comes in injections, it is much safer than drops in the mouth.

Vaccines:"Pentaxim", "Imovax Polio", "Poliorix", "Tetraxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection?

Haemophilus influenzae infection causes severe forms of meningitis, pneumonia, and sometimes leads to sepsis. The infection does not respond well to antibiotics.

Among children, only those who are at risk due to health conditions are vaccinated. This also applies to adults: the elderly, people in contact with sick people, and people with chronic diseases are vaccinated.

Vaccines:"Act-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against papillomavirus?

Some types of papillomavirus (HPV) pose a risk to women's health causing cervical cancer, genital warts and some other diseases.

Vaccination is recommended for girls and women aged 9 to 26 years, preferably before the onset of sexual activity (because with its onset the risk of becoming infected from a partner increases sharply). Vaccination can be done in more late age up to 45 years old.

Olga Shirai

Men can also get this vaccine so as not to tease the virus, cancer-causing(not only the cervix, but also other organs), and not suffer from condylomas. The vaccination is done in three stages according to the instructions.

Vaccines:"Gardasil", "Cervarix".

How to get vaccinated against pneumococcus?

Adults are vaccinated upon request. Pneumococcal infection, as a rule, joins other diseases and is a complication. It causes meningitis otitis media, sinusitis, .

• adults over 65 years old;
• people who frequently come into contact with possible carriers of infection;
• employees of preschools, schools, boarding homes;
• those who have chronic respiratory diseases, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus;
• people suffering from immunodeficiencies;
• patients who have an increased risk of meningitis (after traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical interventions on the spine).

Vaccines:"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13".

How to get vaccinated against meningococcus?

Meningococcus causes meningitis, but in a special way. This is always a rapid infection, potentially fatal. Every case of illness is an emergency.

In Russia, vaccination is carried out if there is an outbreak of the disease, as well as among those who are subject to conscription and those who travel to Africa and Asia.

Modern vaccines protect against several subtypes of the disease at once. One vaccination in adulthood is sufficient.

Vaccines:"Menactra", "Mencevax ACWY".

What other vaccinations should I get?

In addition to those listed, there are also vaccinations for epidemic indications. They are done if an epidemic has started somewhere or if a person at work often encounters rare diseases. This is a matter for specialists, but there are several vaccinations that are worth getting without waiting for epidemics.

• Tick-borne encephalitis. We have already written about who, how and when to get vaccinated against ticks (start dealing with the issue in February in order to have time to do full course and develop immunity before the ticks wake up).
• Flu. We also already talk in detail about the flu shot. Read everything you want to know. Vaccination - best protection from the flu. It is worth getting vaccinated before mid-October to meet the epidemic head-on.
• Vaccinations for travelers. If you are going to a country where there are frequent outbreaks of infections, you should get vaccinated before traveling. Usually this is hepatitis A (you can get vaccinated against it just for prevention), yellow fever. It all depends on the country you decide to go to.

What to do right now?

To ensure you don't get sick:

1. Go to your local clinic and ask your therapist what vaccines are on your card.
2. Get tested for antibodies to those diseases that require it.
3. Find out if the clinic offers vaccines and their names.
4. Find a private medical Center, who has a license to conduct vaccinations.
5. Find out which pharmacies sell vaccines.
6. Set up a vaccination schedule with your doctor. Several vaccines can be administered at the same time; it is not necessary to take breaks between different drugs. It all depends on the instructions for each specific vaccine.
7. Get your vaccinations according to this schedule.
8. Do not be ill.

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Others are against it, and still others are in doubt. Before joining any of the groups, you need to understand the concept of “vaccination” and familiarize yourself with the material presented. We will look at all the basic vaccinations up to a year (which are given in mandatory, and which are additional), and also get acquainted with the list of vaccines administered after reaching one year of age.

History of vaccination development

The first records of vaccination date back to the 8th century. At that time, doctors of ancient Indian medicine discovered that vaccination against smallpox caused immunity to its severe form. But due to the lack of knowledge about the varieties of the disease, the result of vaccination was often fatal.

For centuries, scientists different countries dealt with the issue of disease prevention through vaccination, conducted research, and wrote scientific papers. But only at the end of the 19th century, Louis Pasteur (French immunologist) was able to come close enough to the methodology for developing vaccines for various infectious diseases.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, more than 100 different vaccines have been developed, protecting against forty infections caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

What is vaccination?

Vaccination is a synthetic method, by introducing into human body special material to increase its resistance to various infectious diseases. Vaccinations are done for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

Methods of vaccination

Vaccination of children is carried out in the following ways:

1. Intramuscular injections. The most preferred method of administering vaccines, since in this case it is absorbed faster, immunity begins to develop faster, and the risk of allergic reactions is reduced.
2. Oral method. This is how the vaccine against entero viral infections, which in the form of drops, with sugar or a cracker is swallowed by the patient. The disadvantage of this method is that the correct dosage may not be observed.
3. Intradermal. Vaccines such as anti-tuberculosis BCG, live tularemia and smallpox are administered this way.
4. The method is preferable for many inactivated and “live” vaccines (from rubella, measles, mumps, yellow fever and others).
5. Intranasal method. Involves the administration of a vaccine through the nose and represents a method of combating diseases spread by airborne droplets.

Mandatory and additional vaccinations

On the territory of the Russian Federation, up to a year includes mandatory and additional vaccinations.

Mandatory vaccination - vaccinations against infections and diseases of the most severe forms. They are also included in national and regional calendars preventive vaccinations. Additional vaccination is carried out at the request of the patient, for example, before travel.

IN last time the national calendar up to one year and older was approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF dated 02/31/11 under number 51n “On approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.” The approved vaccination table for children up to one year of age and older provides for the administration of vaccines against the following major common infectious viral and bacterial diseases, such as tuberculosis, polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, mumps and others.

Mandatory vaccinations for children under one year of age - schedule

Below is a list of vaccinations that are mandatory for children under one year of age.

The vaccination schedule up to a year may shift slightly, for example, children who weighed less than 2000 grams at birth are given later, since they have very thin skin.

Additional vaccinations

The list of preventive vaccinations is quite large, so the most common ones will be mentioned below.

What vaccinations are mandatory for a child per year?

After comprehensive vaccination at 6 months, the child is vaccinated at 1 year. It includes vaccinations against rubella, measles and mumps.

Measles - viral disease, spread by airborne droplets (during conversation, coughing, sneezing, etc.). The temperature rises to 39-40 o C. Symptoms are as follows: intoxication, rash, damage to the mucous membrane of the nose and larynx (runny nose, cough, sneezing, photophobia).

Rubella is a viral infection. Spreads by airborne droplets. Children are more susceptible to illness than adults. Symptoms are: mild fever, rash, enlarged lymph nodes. If a child contracts rubella in the womb, there is a high risk of miscarriage or the development of congenital malformations.

Mumps is a virus that causes the disease mumps. When he gets into healthy body airborne droplets and through contaminated objects, it begins to multiply quickly in salivary glands Oh. Symptoms: fever, enlarged salivary glands, general malaise, loss of appetite.

Done complex vaccination per year under the shoulder blade. Revaccination occurs at 6 years of age. Vaccination at 1 year of age provides immune protection against measles, rubella and mumps for 25 years.

The difference between state vaccinations and paid ones

IN Lately Cases have become more frequent when clinic doctors offer parents both free and paid state vaccinations. At the same time, there is no absolute statement that a paid vaccine is better.

Most often, paid vaccinations for children under one year of age are a vaccine that contains components against several diseases, for example, diphtheria, whooping cough, hepatitis B, polio, type B influenza. Free vaccination differs in that one or more components are missing. This does not mean that it will be ineffective. It’s just that the vaccination schedule for up to a year provides for vaccinations in several ways, for example, the polio vaccination is done separately (not intramuscularly, but orally).

Also due to large quantity vaccines after paid vaccinations there is a probability of the appearance side effects, which would not be the case with standard vaccination. All vaccines, paid and public, are included in the list of recommended and licensed by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Contraindications for vaccination

Exist the following contraindications for vaccination:

1. True, that is, those that have been proven by various studies and are listed in official Russian and international instructions.
2. False ones created by anti-vaxxers.
3. Absolute - refer to true contraindications, in which vaccination is completely excluded.
4. Conditional (relative) - refer to true contraindications in which the decision to vaccinate is made by the doctor, based on the history of the patient’s clinical record and the current epidemic situation.
5. Temporary, that is, the patient has the following symptoms at the time of vaccination: elevated temperature, unacceptable results of blood and urine tests, overestimated or underestimated clinical norm, weakness, presence of inflammatory processes.
6. Permanent ones are those that are not removed even after time.
7. Particular contraindications relate to a specific vaccine.

You can find out more about contraindications by studying the table below.

The provided list of contraindications tends to get shorter. This is due to recent improvements in vaccines.

In order for the vaccine to fulfill its purpose and not cause harm, and the child is not afraid of this procedure in the future, there are the following recommendations:

• it is necessary to do blood and urine tests;
• get opinions pediatric neurologist and an allergist;
• do not feed the child food that is new to him or her before vaccination;
• do not scare your baby with vaccinations, even if it is a joke;
• take your child’s favorite toy and a clean diaper or sheet with you to vaccination;
• don't forget (if any);
• Discuss with your doctor all questions and doubts that arise;
• on the day of vaccination, measure the baby’s body temperature;
• try not to worry yourself and not show your anxiety to your child;
• If a child cries during vaccination, then let him cry, and then let the baby take a deep and slow breath.

After vaccination, you must remember the following:

• stay for half an hour in the clinic to stabilize the child’s condition;
• in case of DPT vaccinations in hot weather, give the child an antipyretic;
• avoid on the day of vaccination water procedures and long walks.

Also, do not forget that you can change your baby’s usual diet no earlier than 3 days after vaccination. Side effects do not necessarily appear immediately; some may appear only on the 5th day.

Vaccination is an important stage in the formation of a child’s immunity, which is carried out by introducing into his body an antigenic substance that causes resistance to a particular disease. The need for immunoprophylaxis is due to the lack of immune defense newborn from most infections.

The list of mandatory vaccine-preventable diseases for children under one year of age includes only infections that are capable of active spread and have difficult clinical course and causing serious complications (including death).

To find out exactly what vaccinations are given to children under one year old, you need to contact legislative acts our country, namely.

In Russia, for children under one year of age, it includes vaccination against 10 diseases:

• measles;
• tetanus;
• diphtheria;
• whooping cough;
• mumps;
• rubella;

In addition, the calendar indicates that children at risk need additional vaccination against. Children from 6 months of age during the period of spread (acute respiratory viral infections) are allowed to be vaccinated against influenza once a year.

A child at risk under one year of age, in addition to the mandatory vaccination program in Russia, can be voluntarily vaccinated against chickenpox and hepatitis A. National calendar does not take into account additional procedures.

Vaccination procedure

Deadlines and schemes mandatory procedures are clearly stated in the vaccination schedule for up to a year, which takes into account the child’s age, morbidity risks, health status and the period of formation of immunity to the disease. The calendar indicates which vaccines and how many times are used to build immunity in children.

Depending on the type of infection, children can be vaccinated once (measles, tuberculosis) or several times (poliomyelitis, DTP). The frequency of the procedure indicates how many procedures will be required to form stable immunity.

Parents are not always able to strictly adhere to the vaccination schedule for up to a year due to the occurrence of allergic reactions, colds. As a result, an individual schedule of procedures is formed for the baby.

The vaccination tables for children under one year of age present a schedule of mandatory vaccines.

Viral hepatitis B

Tuberculosis

Diphtheria,stgorse,whooping cough,polio

Haemophilus influenzae infection

Pneumococcal infection

Measles, parotitis, rubella

General contraindications

All possible contraindications classified into absolute, relative and false.

Absolute contraindications to vaccination are established in case of a high risk of developing life-threatening states:

• The occurrence of a severe reaction in a child - an increase in body temperature of more than 40 ° C, the development of swelling or redness more than 8 centimeters in size in the area where the vaccine was administered.
• Development of the series dangerous complications - anaphylactic shock, sharp decline pressure, encephalitis, seizures during normal temperature bodies.
• The presence of immunodeficiency in a child precludes the use of live vaccines; the use of inactivated drugs is not prohibited, but may not have an effect.

Relative contraindications are temporary health conditions in which vaccination may not provide the desired effect or may be unsafe:

• In the event of an acute respiratory viral infection occurring with high temperature, planned procedure postponed for several weeks until recovery with a shift in the overall vaccination schedule.
• In the presence of chronic diseases(diabetes, impaired functioning of the kidneys, heart or other organs), children are vaccinated only after consultation with a specialist. Diseases in remission or birth defects heart development does not pose a life-threatening risk when vaccinated.
• In case of blood or immunoglobulin transfusion to a child, the planned schedule of procedures, with the exception of polio vaccines, is postponed for 3 months.
• If the child is a child, vaccination is carried out only in case of good weight gain according to the standard list of vaccinations up to one year. The exception is BCG vaccine, the use of which is not recommended for newborns weighing less than 2 kg.

False conditions include conditions that are unjustifiably included in the group of contraindications:

• Intestinal dysbiosis is a common condition in children. This contraindication is considered justified in case of stool disorder as a result of massive use of antibiotics wide range or severe diarrhea.
• Perinatal encephalopathy is damage to the central nervous system (CNS) resulting from trauma or hypoxia, the symptoms of which usually disappear 1 month after birth. Vaccinal prophylaxis should be postponed only in case of negative dynamics after consultation with a neurologist.
• The presence of thymomegaly - enlargement of the thymus gland.
• Inadequate nutrition, development of anemia.
• Development atopic dermatitis and diathesis.
• For some congenital diseases(Down syndrome, obstetric paralysis, chromosomal disorders, cerebral palsy, consequences of injuries) there is no risk of complications.
• Cases of symptoms of allergies or asthma in a child, on the contrary, are most often referred to as indications for the procedures.

Body reactions to vaccination

The usual (or normal) reaction to a vaccine causes standard changes in the body.

• Local normal reactions (pain, redness at the injection site) develop immediately after the procedure and disappear within 1 to 4 days. Their prevalence among vaccinated children is 5-15%, depending on the type of drug.
• General normal reactions associated with fever, malaise, sleep disturbance, short-term intoxication, and headaches.

It is worth noting that when using live vaccines, other normal reactions may be observed on the part of the organs affected by the infection:

• When vaccinated against measles, the presence of cough, runny nose, redness of the throat, and conjunctivitis is also typical;
• with mumps, growth of the parotid salivary glands may be observed;
• After anti-rubella medications, rash, cough, joint pain, and runny nose are noted.

Manifestations normal reactions vaccinations are usually short-term and depend on the type of vaccine: for live ones - 1-3 days, inactivated 3-5 days. In the absence of fever or other signs, the normal vaccination process is considered asymptomatic.

Side effects (or complications) should be distinguished from normal reactions to vaccination:

• Local complications – these are reactions in the area of ​​drug administration – redness, suppuration, lymphadenitis.
• General complications – allergies, increased body temperature, development of symptoms of an infectious process.

Some children experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite as a result of the procedure. If such symptoms do not disappear, you should immediately consult a doctor.

The manifestation of side effects of vaccine prophylaxis is observed within four weeks after the procedure. The exception is the BCG vaccine, the manifestations of which (ostiomyelitis) can develop only after 14 months.

The occurrence of such symptoms is not always associated with the vaccine. A negative reaction to vaccination may be associated with the development of some infectious process that aggravates the reaction of the child’s body and contributes to the development of post-vaccination complications.

Most common reasons the occurrence of complications are:

• non-compliance with contraindications;
• low quality of drugs;
• violation of procedure;
• individual body reactions to the vaccine;
• improper transportation or storage of the product.

What to do before and after vaccination to minimize the risk of complications

The answer to a question that often arises among parents - whether to vaccinate a child under one year old due to the high risk of complications - can be obtained by analyzing the options for preventive measures.

The discussions that have been developing among moms and dads on the topic of vaccinations recently do not stop now. Moreover, even doctors still cannot give a definite answer to the question - what will the vaccination bring more: benefit or harm? To vaccinate or to refrain from vaccinating? This is a voluntary decision of each parent. If you are one of the supporters of these procedures, then we will tell you when and how to get vaccinated correctly and without unpleasant consequences.

How to prepare a child for vaccination?

Every time the time comes for the next vaccination, parents begin to worry - how will it go, will it be safe, will it cause a severe reaction or complication?

To minimize adverse consequences, you need to properly prepare for it.

If you have absolutely healthy child, then some special training not required.
On the day of vaccination at home and then in the hospital, you need to measure your temperature; it should be normal - 36.6 degrees C.

In babies up to one year old, the permissible temperature is 37.1-37.2. This is explained by the peculiarities of heat exchange, which is slightly increased at this age.

The pediatrician will definitely ask you a few questions , will examine the child and, if necessary, prescribe additional examinations and tests. If the indicators do not suit the specialist, he will reschedule the vaccination for another day.

If after the examination there are no complaints, the doctor will give you permission. You will then need to sign a written consent to receive the vaccination.

Do not introduce new foods to your baby’s menu the day before. , they can provoke an allergic reaction.

Do not change your daily routine on the eve of vaccination!

If someone in your family suddenly gets sick at this time, it is better to postpone vaccination . Because after vaccination the body is weak, and the baby can catch an unpleasant infection.

In this regard, try to protect the child from contact with other children, especially in the hospital . After all, there may not be special days for vaccinations in your clinic, and most of the children present at the clinic are probably sick.

Vaccination is definitely stressful for the baby. Do you want to reduce it? Then take your favorite toy with you, try to smile and be affectionate with your child.

Rules for vaccinating children under 3 years of age

To reduce the risk of post-vaccination complications, you need to follow a number of rules.

1. If a child is prone to allergies, then at the time of vaccination the baby should be in remission.
   

   Discuss with your doctor how to take preventive measures allergic reaction. This is usually limited to receiving antihistamines(Zyrtec, Claritin, Fenistil) two days before vaccination and two days after.

2. You shouldn’t do it if your baby is teething now or less than a month has passed since you moved to a different climate zone.
3. If the child was sick, then at least two weeks should pass after recovery.
4. It is not recommended to vaccinate in severe frost, heat, or during an epidemic.
5. It is not recommended to vaccinate during periods of psycho-emotional stress (the first days of kindergarten, change of place of residence, and so on).
6. On the day of vaccination, do not overload your baby with other procedures and sports activities.

After vaccination, it is not advisable to bathe your child!

If your baby is old enough, talk to him about the upcoming procedure. When explaining to him the need for what is coming, be honest - say that it may hurt a little.
But don’t even jokingly scare your baby with vaccinations!

In the vaccination room:

• according to the rules, the vaccine must be stored in the refrigerator, from the moment of production until the actual vaccination process;
• you have the right to check the integrity of the packaging, expiration dates, series, number, availability of a license for this batch of vaccine;
• ask if there is an anti-shock first aid kit in the office;
• Before vaccination, the nurse must wash and disinfect her hands.

Vaccination schedule for children under 3 years of age in the table

It is very important to comply with the timing of vaccinations.

Scheduled vaccination creates artificial immunity to diseases in children, protects them from the disease itself and from its negative consequences.

We offer you a calendar of all necessary procedures for children under three years of age

The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine cannot be given at the same time as DTP. , because the interval between them must be at least a month.

Although the Mantoux test is not considered a vaccination, it should be mentioned that it is carried out annually.

When vaccination cannot be given: contraindications for vaccination

Contraindications are divided into two groups:

• absolute, when vaccination is strictly prohibited. Such contraindications include severe illnesses, intolerance to vaccine components;
• relative, when vaccination can be performed only after interfering factors (allergies, illness) have been eliminated.

In addition, we can identify general contraindications for all vaccines and specific ones for individual ones, which are specified in the instructions for a particular drug.

Eg, general contraindication will acute illness. Weight less than two kilograms is a contraindication for BCG vaccination.

Separately, it is worth mentioning the division of contraindications into true and false.

• True those that are talked about are considered guidelines on vaccination, and those specified in the instructions for the drug.
• But parents most often refuse vaccination, citing precisely false contraindications.

Here are the main considerations of parents, which they consider contraindications:

• “the child is still weak”;
• “We won’t go to kindergarten”;
• “Everyone in our family has allergies”;
• “He gets sick with us very often, his immunity is reduced.”

All these phrases are just conjectures that, without being supported by corresponding entries in the medical record, mean nothing!

Parents often incorrectly assess the functioning of the child’s immune system. They consider what is quite normal to be a problem.

It is also not considered to be a retraction of entries in the card for unclear diagnoses, for example, hypoxia, cerebral ischemia, PEP, etc. In fact, most of these diagnoses are in no way contraindications.

Adverse reactions of the body after vaccination: how to avoid them?

Any vaccine will cause side effects, but we have the power to reduce their manifestation to a minimum.

If you carefully follow all the rules of vaccination and be attentive to contraindications, then most often complications and severe adverse reactions can be avoided.

The normal reaction is:

• induration, slight soreness and redness measuring about 8 mm in diameter at the injection site. This reaction appears immediately after vaccination and goes away within 3-4 days;
• headache;
• loss of appetite;
• temperature increase.

All these reactions are confirmation that the body is actively reacting to the administered vaccine, as well as the formation full protection from infection.

After leaving the vaccination room, you must wait 20-30 minutes, remaining in place: During this time, the child will calm down, and if an allergic reaction occurs, he will be able to quickly get help.

For temperatures above 38.5 degrees, give your child an antipyretic!

If redness or pain occurs at the injection site, you can apply a terry towel slightly moistened with ice water.

If any changes seem suspicious or strange to you, inform your doctor immediately!

An individual approach to each child is the most important thing!