Many women are desperately looking for ways to improve their health. What is meant by quality cosmetic care? This is not only external attractiveness, but also health inside. There are many expensive procedures that rejuvenate and improve the appearance, heal and eradicate imperfections in their rudiments. Lymphatic drainage is one of the most effective methods for achieving beauty and freshness of the body. It activates and stabilizes the work lymphatic system body, thereby allowing the removal of harmful toxins and excess fluid. That is why, from the competent conduct of lymphatic drainage massage, the general well-being of a person improves and problem areas of the body are corrected. So, lymphatic drainage - what is it and how does it work?

Lymphatic system: importance for the body

The lymphatic system complements the cardiovascular system. They are interconnected and depend on the functioning of each other. Lymph itself is a fluid that circulates in the vessels, which consists mainly of water, "washing" the cells. The lymphatic system moves proteins and fluid in the interstitial space through the subclavian veins into the blood. She also plays important role in the protective reactions of the body, as it produces lymphocytes and guarantees immunity. All vessels pass through the lymph nodes. In today's urbanized world, people are often faced with the devastating contamination of products and environment, malnourished, increasingly stressed and lead a sedentary lifestyle. This entails a thickening of the lymph and a decrease in the rate of fluid transport. Malfunctions and any imbalance in the system lead to the formation of tumors and edema, make diet and sports meaningless if a person intends to lose weight. Physical exercise contributes to an increase in the speed of lymph, so it is logical to improve the condition of tissues, blood vessels and muscles with the help of useful loads. There is a more pleasant and less energy-intensive way - lymphatic drainage. What is it, can it be done at home and what are the results?

What is it needed for

Bruising and bags under the eyes, puffiness, sudden wrinkles, unhealthy appearance, weight gain and cellulite, problems with blood pressure, pain in the legs, varicose veins and many other unpleasant diseases and ailments are often the consequences of impaired functioning of the lymphatic system. In order to prevent and get rid of disorders, experts recommend lymphatic drainage. What it is? Lymphatic drainage is understood as a set of procedures aimed at removing and distributing excess fluid and metabolic products from the intercellular zone, achieving improved lymph flow using special techniques. Due to massage movements, the flow of lymph is accelerated, tumors and edema are removed, and metabolism improves. Lymphatic drainage can be manual and hardware.

Manual lymphatic drainage: benefits

Those who prefer live hands, which are able to have an unforgettable relaxing effect, revive not only the body, but also the spirit, should give preference to manual lymphatic drainage massage. In addition to healing, it will bring incomparable pleasure and relaxation. The technique is different from traditional muscle massage. Soft sliding movements, stroking the skin and soothing pats properly affect the vessels and provide the necessary healing and cosmetic effect. This method is less popular due to low efficiency, but it is the most useful for the human body. During the session, which should be carried out by an experienced highly qualified master, the individual characteristics of the body are taken into account, and the most tense points are affected. Having picked up a competent specialist and having identified problem areas, feel free to choose manual lymphatic drainage, reviews of which, as a rule, are commendable and positive. With a deep manual massage, stagnant imperfections are eliminated. Its systematic implementation increases muscle tone, tightens them and contributes to weight loss. Surface massage should not be accompanied by pain, it has a preventive, relaxing effect.

Hardware lymphatic drainage - what is it?

In addition to manual, there is such a variant of the procedure. Hardware lymphatic drainage is a physiotherapeutic procedure that is carried out with pulsed currents, microcurrents, vacuum, pressure drops, and ultrasound. This is the most effective massage, during which a mechanical effect is exerted on large lymph nodes, serious shortcomings are eliminated. Its main advantage is long-lasting positive effects. By observing the frequency of procedures and gradually changing lifestyle, a person achieves excellent results in appearance and, most importantly, relieved of pain. Hardware lymphatic drainage of the body allows you to increase the flow of lymph by 8 times, due to which the tissues are easily subjected to any other medical procedures, the skin becomes smooth, firm and elastic due to deep nutrition, the “orange peel” is removed, a rejuvenating effect is achieved, the immune system is strengthened and the body is restored. metabolic processes improves the condition of the veins. Since it is hardware lymphatic drainage that has the best anti-cellulite effect, reviews about it are left by satisfied representatives of the weaker sex, who note a general improvement in skin condition, lightness in the legs and a decrease in volume.

Pressotherapy: impact on the skin

Pressotherapy is a procedure of alternate painless compression of individual parts of the body, which leads to the elimination of stagnant imperfections. This is the most popular sparing type of hardware lymphatic drainage. With the help of special disposable cuff suits, into which air is pumped, a certain pressure is created on the body. The process combines the functions of a relaxing massage and medical procedure during which toxins are washed out, blood circulation improves. Doctors recommend pressure therapy for varicose veins, swelling in the legs. The procedure starts metabolic processes that allow you to fight excess kilograms and hated cellulite. You can also use various oils and healing ointments on problem areas, as pressotherapy contributes to their enhanced effectiveness.

Results of lymphatic drainage massage

Lymphatic drainage of the face for a long time will relieve the face of puffiness, bags under the eyes, puffiness and wrinkling. Due to improved blood circulation, the appearance and color of the skin is significantly changed, a healthy, fresh look is acquired, shapes are corrected, mimic wrinkles are smoothed out and the number of deep ones is reduced, smoothness and elasticity are acquired. Facial lymphatic drainage is most often carried out with microcurrents that stimulate muscle contraction and relaxation. It is a useful facelift that is a worthy replacement plastic surgery. Manual facial massage can be carried out along with the use of masks. If your financial situation allows, do not refuse to apply them during the session.

Lymphatic drainage of the body is what it is worth starting weight loss and the transition to a healthy lifestyle. It corrects the contours of the figure, improves the condition of the skin (smoothes scars, stretch marks) and veins, eliminates cellulite, saturates the body with oxygen, coupled with proper nutrition reduces the volume of problem areas. A large number of vascular diseases, unpleasant from an aesthetic point of view, pains and ailments occur in poor female legs. Lymphatic drainage of the legs will help get rid of all this. The procedure eliminates cellulite, tightens the skin, reduces pain, heaviness and swelling, relieves inflammation, favors vascular system. And in this case, manual home lymphatic drainage is perfect.

When Not to Do Lymphatic Drainage

In a number of contraindications available for lymphatic drainage, there are skin diseases. Internal massage, that is, hardware massage, has a particularly detrimental effect on various burns, deep abrasions, allergic rashes and rashes. Serious chronic edema should never be treated with lymphatic drainage. To begin with, it is necessary to eliminate the root cause, to identify possible cardiovascular diseases, and then apply an external, more superficial treatment. At infectious diseases, malignant and benign formations, pregnancy, a tendency to thrombosis, the procedure is also not recommended.

Lymphatic drainage on your own

To save money, put your face in order, and just gain experience in cosmetic care, facial lymphatic drainage at home will help. It is best to look at the training videos on the Internet or take specialized courses. Beware of strong influences, do not overdo it and do not abuse amateur performance. Confident in own forces, you can go to simple methods of lymphatic drainage.

Lymphatic drainage facial massage at home

Before you need to steam and warm up the skin. First, massage the forehead: with the pads of your fingers, gently draw from the center to the temples. The eye area is tender and sensitive, gently bring the same movements from the bridge of the nose along the lower edge of the eye socket to the temple, then lightly from the ends of the eyebrows run your fingers to the inner corner of the eye along the upper region. Cheeks should be massaged from the corners of the mouth to the temples with gentle pressure touches. You can smooth out the nasolabial folds using light pressure and strokes with your fingertips. Accentuate the line of the chin with a movement from the center of the chin to the ears.

home and body

It is necessary to stimulate blood flow in the legs and body with light blows, tingling, active rubbing in of oils and anti-cellulite products. The legs should be massaged by pressing on the skin and running over the muscles. Regular baths and gentle and face, balanced diet, correct mode will not keep you waiting for stunning results in appearance and internal condition.

Age features of vision in children.

Vision hygiene

Prepared by:

Lebedeva Svetlana Anatolievna

MBDOU kindergarten

compensating type No. 93

Moscow region

Nizhny Novgorod

Introduction

See everything, understand everything, know everything, experience everything,
All forms, all colors to absorb with your eyes,
To walk all over the earth with burning feet,
Take it all in and make it happen again.

Maximilian Voloshin

Eyes are given to man to see the world, they are a way of understanding three-dimensional, color and stereoscopic images.

Preservation of vision is one of the most important conditions vigorous activity person at any age.

The role of vision in human life cannot be overestimated. Vision provides an opportunity for labor and creative activity. Through the eyes, we receive most of the information about the world around us compared to other senses.

The source of information about the external environment around us is complex nervous devices - the sense organs. The German naturalist and physicist G. Helmholtz wrote: “Of all the human senses, the eye has always been recognized as the best gift and wonderful product of the creative power of nature. Poets have sung about it, orators have praised it, philosophers have glorified it as a measure of what organic forces are capable of, and physicists have tried to imitate it as an unattainable model of optical instruments.

The organ of vision serves as the most important tool for understanding the external world. The main information about the world around us enters the brain through the eyes. Centuries passed until the fundamental question was solved, how the image of the outside world is formed on the retina. The eye sends information to the brain, which is transformed through the retina and optic nerve into a visual image in the brain. The visual act has always been mysterious and mysterious for a person.

I will talk about all this in more detail in this control work.

For me, working on the material on this topic was useful and informative: I figured out the structure of the eye, the age-related features of vision in children, and the prevention of visual disorders. At the end of the work in the application, she presented a set of exercises to relieve eye fatigue, multifunctional exercises for the eyes and visual gymnastics for children.

1. The device and work of the eye

The visual analyzer enables a person to navigate in the environment, comparing and analyzing its various situations.

The human eye has the shape of an almost regular ball (about 25 mm in diameter). The outer (protein) shell of the eye is called the sclera, has a thickness of about 1 mm and consists of an elastic cartilage-like opaque white tissue. At the same time, the anterior (slightly convex) part of the sclera (cornea) is transparent to light rays (it looks like a round "window"). The sclera as a whole is a kind of superficial skeleton of the eye, maintaining its spherical shape and at the same time providing light transmission into the eye through the cornea.

The inner surface of the opaque part of the sclera is covered with a choroid, consisting of a network of small blood vessels. In turn, the choroid of the eye is, as it were, lined with a light-sensitive retina, consisting of light-sensitive nerve endings.

Thus, the sclera, choroid and retina form a kind of three-layer outer shell, which contains all the optical elements of the eye: the lens, the vitreous body, the eye fluid that fills the anterior and rear camera, as well as the iris. Outside, to the right and left of the eye, there are rectus muscles that rotate the eye in a vertical plane. Acting simultaneously with both pairs of rectus muscles, you can turn the eye in any plane. Everything nerve fibers, leaving the retina, are combined into one optic nerve, going to the corresponding visual zone of the cerebral cortex. In the center of the exit of the optic nerve there is a blind spot that is not sensitive to light.

Particular attention should be paid to such an important element of the eye as the lens, the change in the shape of which largely determines the work of the eye. If the lens could not change its shape during the operation of the eye, then the image of the object under consideration would sometimes be built in front of the retina, and sometimes behind it. Only in some cases would it fall on the retina. In reality, however, the image of the object under consideration always (in the normal eye) falls precisely on the retina. This is achieved due to the fact that the lens has the ability to take a shape corresponding to the distance at which the object in question is located. So, for example, when the object in question is close to the eye, the muscle compresses the lens so much that its shape becomes more convex. Due to this, the image of the object under consideration falls precisely on the retina and becomes as clear as possible.

When viewing a distant object, the muscle, on the contrary, stretches the lens, which leads to the creation of a clear image of the distant object and its placement on the retina. The property of the lens to create on the retina a clear image of the object in question, located at different distances from the eye, is called accommodation.

1. How the eye works

When viewing an object, the iris of the eye (pupil) opens so wide that the stream of light passing through it is sufficient to create the illumination on the retina necessary for the confident operation of the eye. If this did not work out right away, then the aiming of the eye at the object by turning with the help of the rectus muscles will be refined, and at the same time the lens will be focused with the help of the ciliary muscle.

In everyday life, this process of “tuning” the eye when moving from viewing one object to another occurs continuously throughout the day, and automatically, and it occurs after we transfer our gaze from object to object.

Our visual analyzer is capable of distinguishing objects up to tenths of a mm in size, distinguishing colors in the range from 411 to 650 ml with great accuracy, and also distinguishing an infinite number of images.

About 90% of all the information we receive comes through the visual analyzer. What conditions are necessary for a person to see without difficulty?

A person sees well only if the rays from the object intersect at the main focus located on the retina. Such an eye, as a rule, has normal vision and is called emmetropic. If the rays cross behind the retina, then this is a far-sighted (hyperopic) eye, and if the rays cross closer than the retina, the eye is myopic (myopic).

1. Age features of the organ of vision

The vision of a child, unlike the vision of an adult, is in the process of becoming and improving.

From the first days of life, the child sees the world around him, but only gradually begins to understand what he sees. In parallel with the growth and development of the whole organism, there is also a great variability of all elements of the eye, the formation of its optical system. This is a long process, especially intense between the year and five years of a child's life. At this age, the size of the eye, the weight of the eyeball, and the refractive power of the eye increase significantly.

In newborns, the size of the eyeball is smaller than in adults (the diameter of the eyeball is 17.3 mm, and in an adult it is 24.3 mm). In this regard, the rays of light coming from distant objects converge behind the retina, that is, the newborn is characterized by natural farsightedness. An early visual reaction of a child can be attributed to an orienting reflex to light irritation, or to a flashing object. The child reacts to light irritation or an approaching object by turning the head and torso. At 3-6 weeks, the baby is able to fix the gaze. Up to 2 years, the eyeball increases by 40%, by 5 years - by 70% of its original volume, and by the age of 12-14 it reaches the size of an adult's eyeball.

The visual analyzer is immature at the time of the birth of the child. The development of the retina ends by 12 months of age. Myelination of the optic nerves and optic nerve pathways begins at the end of the intrauterine period of development and ends at 3–4 months of a child's life. The maturation of the cortical part of the analyzer ends only by the age of 7 years.

Lacrimal fluid has an important protective value, as it moisturizes the anterior surface of the cornea and conjunctiva. At birth, it is secreted in a small amount, and by 1.5–2 months, during crying, there is an increase in the formation of lacrimal fluid. In a newborn, the pupils are narrow due to the underdevelopment of the iris muscle.

In the first days of a child's life, there is no coordination of eye movements (the eyes move independently of each other). It appears in 2-3 weeks. Visual concentration - fixation of the gaze on the object appears 3-4 weeks after birth. The duration of this eye reaction is only 1–2 minutes. As the child grows and develops, the coordination of eye movements improves, fixing the gaze becomes longer.

1. Age features of color perception

A newborn child does not differentiate colors due to the immaturity of the cones in the retina. In addition, there are fewer of them than sticks. Judging by the development of conditioned reflexes in a child, color differentiation begins at 5–6 months. It is by 6 months of a child's life that the central part of the retina develops, where the cones are concentrated. However, the conscious perception of colors is formed later. Children can correctly name colors at the age of 2.5-3 years. At 3 years old, the child distinguishes the ratio of the brightness of colors (darker, paler colored object). For the development of color differentiation, it is advisable for parents to demonstrate colored toys. By the age of 4, the child perceives all colors. The ability to distinguish colors increases significantly by the age of 10–12 years.

1. Age features of the optical system of the eye

The lens in children is very elastic, so it has a greater ability to change its curvature than in adults. However, starting from the age of 10, the elasticity of the lens decreases and decreases.accommodation volume- the adoption of the lens of the most convex shape after the maximum flattening, or vice versa, the adoption of the lens of the maximum flattening after the most convex shape. In this regard, the position of the nearest point of clear vision changes.Closest point of clear vision(the smallest distance from the eye at which the object is clearly visible) moves away with age: at 10 years old it is at a distance of 7 cm, at 15 years old - 8 cm, 20 - 9 cm, at 22 years old -10 cm, at 25 years old - 12 cm, at 30 years old - 14 cm, etc. Thus, with age, in order to see better, the object must be removed from the eyes.

At the age of 6-7 years, binocular vision is formed. During this period, the boundaries of the field of view expand significantly.

1. Visual acuity in children of different ages

In newborns, visual acuity is very low. By 6 months it increases and is 0.1, at 12 months - 0.2, and at the age of 5-6 years it is 0.8-1.0. In adolescents, visual acuity increases to 0.9-1.0. In the first months of a child's life, visual acuity is very low; at the age of three, only 5% of children have it normal; 16 years old - visual acuity, like an adult.

The field of vision in children is narrower than in adults, but by the age of 6–8 it expands rapidly and this process continues up to 20 years. The perception of space (spatial vision) in a child is formed from 3- one month old in connection with the maturation of the retina and the cortical part of the visual analyzer. The perception of the shape of an object (volumetric vision) begins to form from the age of 5 months. The child determines the shape of the object by eye at the age of 5–6 years.

At an early age, between the 6th and 9th months, the child begins to develop a stereoscopic perception of space (he perceives the depth, remoteness of the location of objects).

Most six-year-old children have developed visual acuity and completely differentiated all parts of the visual analyzer. By the age of 6, visual acuity approaches normal.

In blind children, the peripheral, conductive, or central structures of the visual system are morphologically and functionally not differentiated.

The eyes of young children are characterized by slight farsightedness (1-3 diopters), due to the spherical shape of the eyeball and the shortened anterior-posterior axis of the eye. By the age of 7-12, farsightedness (hypermetropia) disappears and the eyes become emmetropic, as a result of an increase in the anterior-posterior axis of the eye. However, in 30-40% of children, due to a significant increase in the anterior-posterior size of the eyeballs and, accordingly, the removal of the retina from the refractive media of the eye (lens), myopia develops.

It should be noted that among students entering the first grade, from 15 to 20%children have visual acuity below one, however, much more often due to farsightedness. It is quite obvious that the refractive error in these children was not acquired at school, but appeared already in preschool age. These data indicate the need for the closest attention to the vision of children and the maximum expansion preventive measures. They should start from preschool age, when it is still possible to promote the correct age development vision.

1. Vision hygiene

One of the reasons leading to the deterioration of human health, including his vision, has become scientific and technological progress. Books, newspapers and magazines, and now also a computer, without which life is already impossible to imagine, have caused a decrease in motor activity and led to excessive stress on the central nervous system, as well as on vision. Both the habitat and food have changed, and both are not in better side. It is not surprising that the number of people suffering from visual pathology is steadily increasing, and many ophthalmic diseases have become much younger.

The prevention of visual disorders should be based on modern theoretical views on the cause of visual impairment in preschool age. For many years, the study of the etiology of visual disorders and especially the formation of myopia in children has been and is being given at the present time. great attention. It is known that visual defects are formed under the influence of a complex complex of numerous factors, in which external (exogenous) and internal (endogenous) influences intertwine. In all cases, the determining factors are the conditions external environment. There are a lot of them, but the nature, duration and conditions of visual load are of particular importance in childhood.

The greatest load on vision occurs during compulsory classes in kindergarten, and therefore control over their duration and rational construction is very important. Moreover, the established duration of classes is 25 minutes for senior group and 30 minutes for the group preparatory to school does not correspond to the functional state of the children's body. With such a load in children, along with the deterioration of certain indicators of the body (pulse, respiration, muscle strength), a drop in visual functions is also observed. The deterioration of these indicators continues even after a 10-minute break. Daily repetitive decline in visual function under the influence of activities can contribute to the development of visual disorders. And, above all, this applies to writing, counting, reading, which require a lot of eye strain. In this regard, it is advisable to follow a number of recommendations.

First of all, you should limit the duration of activities associated with the stress of accommodation of the eye. This can be achieved with a timely change during the classes of different activities. Purely visual work should not exceed 5-10 minutes per junior group kindergarten and 15-20 minutes in the senior and preparatory to school groups. After such a duration of classes, it is important to switch the attention of children to activities that are not related to visual strain (retelling what has been read, reading poetry, didactic games, etc.). If for some reason it is impossible to change the nature of the lesson itself, then it is necessary to provide for a 2-3-minute physical culture pause.

Such an alternation of activities is also unfavorable for vision, when the first and the next after it are of the same type in nature and require staticand eye strain. It is desirable that the second lesson was associated with physical activity. It could be gymnastics ormusic .

It is important for the protection of the eyesight of children that the organization of classes at home is hygienically correct. At home, children especially like to draw, sculpt, and at an older preschool age - to read, write, and perform various work with a children's designer. These activities against the background of high static stress require constant active participation of vision. Therefore, parents should monitor the nature of the child's activities at home.

First of all, total duration home activities during the day should not exceed 40 minutes at the age of 3 to 5 years and 1 hour at 6-7 years. It is desirable that children study both in the first and in the second half of the day, and that between morning and evening classes there is enough time for active games, being outdoors, and work.

Once again, it should be emphasized that at home, the same type of activities associated with eye strain should not be long.

Therefore, it is important to timely switch children to a more active and less visually stressful type of activity. In the case of continuing monotonous activities, parents should interrupt them every 10-15 minutes to rest. Children should be given the opportunity to walk or run around the room, do some physical exercises, and to relax accommodation, go to the window and look into the distance.

1. eyes and reading

Reading puts a serious strain on the organs of vision, especially in children. The process consists in moving the eye along the line, during which stops are made for the perception and comprehension of the text. Most often, such stops, not having sufficient reading skills, are made by preschoolers - they even have to return to the already read text. At such moments, the load on vision reaches its maximum.

According to the results of the research, it turned out that mental fatigue slows down the speed of reading and perception of the text, which increases the frequency of recurrent eye movements. Even more visual hygiene in children is violated by incorrect “visual stereotypes” - stooping while reading, insufficient or too bright lighting, the habit of reading lying down, on the go or while driving (in a car or subway).

With a strong tilt of the head forward, the bend of the cervical vertebrae compresses the carotid artery, narrowing its lumen. This leads to a deterioration in the blood supply to the brain and organs of vision, and along with insufficient blood flow, oxygen starvation fabrics.

The optimal conditions for the eyes when reading are zonal lighting in the form of a lamp installed to the left of the child and directed at the book. Reading in diffused and reflected light causes eye strain and, consequently, eye fatigue.

The quality of the font is also important: it is preferable to choose prints with a clear font on white paper.

Reading should be avoided during vibration and movement, when the distance between the eyes and the book is constantly decreasing and increasing.

Even if all the conditions of visual hygiene are observed, you need to take a break every 45-50 minutes and change the type of activity for 10-15 minutes - while walking, do gymnastics for the eyes. Children should adhere to the same scheme during their studies - this will ensure rest for their eyes and compliance with the correct hygiene of the student's eyesight.

1. Eyes and computer

When working at a computer, the general lighting and tone of the room play an important role for the vision of adults and children.

Make sure that there are no significant differences in brightness between light sources: all lamps and fixtures should have approximately the same brightness. At the same time, the power of the lamps should not be too strong - bright light irritates the eyes to the same extent as insufficient lighting.

To maintain the hygiene of the eyes of adults and children, the coating of walls, ceilings and furnishings in the study or the child's room should have a low reflection coefficient so as not to create glare. Shiny surfaces have no place in a room where adults or children spend a significant part of their time.

In bright sunshine, shade windows with curtains or blinds - to prevent visual impairment, it is better to use more stable artificial lighting.

The desktop - your own or the student's table - should be positioned so that the angle between the window and the table is at least 50 degrees. It is unacceptable to place the table directly in front of the window or so that the light is directed at the back of the person sitting at the table. Children's desktop lighting should be about 3-5 times higher than the general illumination of the room.

The table lamp should be placed on the left for right-handers and on the right for left-handers.

These rules apply to both the organization of the office and the room for children.

1. Vision and TV

The main cause of visual impairment in preschool children is television. How long and how often an adult needs to watch TV is solely his decision. But you need to remember that too much TV viewing causes excessive stress accommodation and can lead to a gradual deterioration of vision. Uncontrolled spending time in front of the TV is especially dangerous for children's eyesight.

Regularly take breaks during which to do gymnastics for the eyes, as well as at least 1 time in 2 years to be examined by an ophthalmologist.

Hygiene of vision in children, as well as other family members, includes observing the rules for installing a TV.

• The minimum TV screen distance can be calculated using the following formula: For HD (high definition) screens, divide the diagonal in inches by 26.4. The resulting number will indicate the minimum distance in meters. For a conventional TV, the diagonal in inches should be divided by 26.4 and the resulting number multiplied by 1.8.
• Sit on the sofa in front of the TV: the screen should be at eye level, no higher or lower, without creating an uncomfortable viewing angle.
• Arrange light sources so that they do not cast glare on the screen.
• Do not watch TV in complete darkness, keep a dim lamp with diffused light turned on, located out of sight of adults and children watching TV.

3.4. Lighting requirement

With good lighting, all body functions proceed more intensively, mood improves, activity and working capacity of the child increase. Natural daylight is considered the best. For greater illumination, the windows of game and group rooms usually face south, southeast or southwest. Light should not obscure either opposite buildings or tall trees.

Neither flowers, which can absorb up to 30% of the light, nor foreign objects, nor curtains should interfere with the passage of light into the room where the children are. In game and group rooms, only narrow curtains made of light, well-washable fabric are allowed, which are located on the rings along the edges of the windows and are used in cases where it is necessary to limit the passage of straight lines into the room. sun rays. Matted and chalked window panes are not allowed in children's institutions. It is necessary to take care that the glasses are smooth and of high quality.

Our full and interesting life until old age largely depends on vision. Good eyesight is something that some people can only dream of, while others simply do not attach importance to it, because they have it. However, neglecting certain rules common to all, you can lose your eyesight ...

Conclusion

The initial accumulation of the necessary information and its further replenishment is carried out with the help of the sense organs, among which the role of vision is, of course, the leading one. It is not for nothing that folk wisdom says: “It is better to see once than hear a hundred times”, thus emphasizing the significantly greater information content of vision compared to other senses. Therefore, along with many issues of raising and educating children, the protection of their eyesight plays an important role.

For the protection of vision, not only the correct organization of compulsory classes is important, but also the regime of the day as a whole. Proper alternation during the day of different types of activities - wakefulness and rest, sufficient physical activity, maximum stay in the air, timely and rational nutrition, systematichardening - here is the complex necessary conditions for the correct organization of the daily routine. Their systematic implementation will contribute to good health children, maintaining a high level functional state nervous system and, consequently, will positively affect the processes of growth and development of both individual body functions, including visual ones, and the whole body.

Bibliography

1. Hygienic bases of education of children from 3 to 7 years: Book. For doshk workers. institutions / E.M. Belostotskaya, T.F. Vinogradova, L.Ya. Kanevskaya, V.I. Telenchi; Comp. IN AND. Telenchi. - M.: Prisveschenie, 1987. - 143 p.: ill.
   

   visual sensory system. The concept of refraction and its change with age. Age features of vision: visual reflexes, light sensitivity, visual acuity, accommodation, convergence. Development of color vision in children

   Among the stimuli of the external environment for a person, visual ones are of particular importance. Most of the information about the outside world is connected with vision.

   The structure of the eye.

   The eye is located in the socket of the skull. From the walls of the eye socket to outer surface muscles fit the eyeball, with their help the eye moves.

   Eyebrows protect the eye, they divert sweat flowing from the forehead to the sides. Eyelids and eyelashes protect the eye from dust. The lacrimal gland, located at the outer corner of the eye, secretes a fluid that moisturizes the surface of the eyeball, warms the eye, washes away foreign particles that fall on it, and then drains from the inner corner through the lacrimal canal into the nasal cavity.

   The eyeball is covered with a dense protein membrane that protects it from mechanical and chemical damage and the penetration of foreign particles and microorganisms from the outside. This membrane in front of the eye is transparent. It's called the cornea. The cornea freely transmits light rays.

   The middle choroid is permeated with a dense network of blood vessels supplying the eyeball with blood. On the inner surface of this shell thin layer lies a coloring matter - a black pigment that absorbs light rays. front part choroid the eyes are called the iris. Its color (from light blue to dark brown) is determined by the amount and distribution of the pigment.

   The pupil is a hole in the center of the iris. The pupil regulates the entry of light rays into the eye in bright light, the pupil reflexively contracts. In low light, the pupil dilates. Behind the pupil is a transparent biconvex lens. It is surrounded by the ciliary muscle. All inner part The eyeball is filled with the vitreous body - a transparent gelatinous substance. The eye transmits light rays in such a way that the image of objects is fixed on the inner shell - the retina. The retina contains the receptors of the eye - rods and cones. Rods - receptors of twilight light, cones are irritated only bright light associated with color vision.

   The retina converts light into nerve impulses which are transmitted along the optic nerve to the brain to the visual cortex hemispheres. In this zone, the final difference of stimuli occurs - the shape of objects, their color, size, illumination, location and movement.

   The refraction of the eye is the refractive power of the optical system of the eye at rest of accommodation. The refractive power of an optical system depends on the radius of curvature of the refractive surfaces (cornea, lens) and on their state from each other. The refractive apparatus of the eye has a complex structure; it consists of the cornea, chamber moisture, lens and vitreous body. A beam of light on its way to the retina must pass through four refractive surfaces: the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea and the anterior and posterior surfaces of the lens. The refractive power of the optical system of the eye is on average 59.92 D. For the refraction of the eye, the length of the axis of the eye, i.e., the distance from the cornea to the yellow spot, matters. This distance averages 25.3 mm. Therefore, the refraction of the eye depends on the relationship between the refractive power and the length of the axis, which determines the position of the main focus in relation to the retina and characterizes the optical setting of the eye. There are three main refractions of the eye: emmetropia, or "normal" refraction of the eye, farsightedness and myopia. The refraction of the eye changes with age. Newborns are predominantly hyperopic. During the period of human growth, there is a shift in the refraction of the eye in the direction of its amplification, i.e. myopia. Changes in the refraction of the eye are due to the growth of the organism, during which the elongation of the axis of the eye is more pronounced than the change in the refractive power of the optical system. In old age, there is a slight shift in the refraction of the eye towards its weakening due to changes in the lens. The refraction of the eye is determined by subjective and objective methods. The subjective method is based on the determination of visual acuity using glasses. Objective methods for determining the refraction of the eye are skiascopy and refractometry, i.e., the determination of the refraction of the eye using special devices - eye refractometers. With these devices, the refraction of the eye is determined by the position of the further point of clear vision.

   Convergence of the eyes (from Latin con I approach, I converge) the reduction of the visual axes of the eyes in relation to the center, in which point light stimuli reflected from the object of observation fall on the corresponding places of the retinas in both eyes, due to which the elimination of doubling of the object is achieved.

   However, the visual system of a newborn is not similar to the visual system of an adult. The anatomical structure of the organs of vision, which provides visual functions, undergoes significant changes in the process of maturation of the body. The visual system of the newborn is still imperfect, and it has to develop rapidly.

   During the growth of the baby, the eyeball changes very slowly. Its strongest development occurs in the first year of life. The eyeball of a newborn is shorter than the eye of an adult by 6 mm (i.e., it has a shortened anteroposterior axis). This circumstance is the reason that the eye of a recently born child has farsightedness, that is, the baby does not see close objects well. AND ophthalmic nerve, and the muscles that move the eyeball are not fully formed in the newborn. Such immaturity of the oculomotor muscles forms the physiological, i.e. perfectly normal for the neonatal period strabismus.

   The size of the cornea also increases very slowly. In newborns, it has a relatively greater thickness than in an adult, is sharply delimited from the protein shell and protrudes strongly forward in the form of a roller. The absence of blood vessels in the cornea of ​​the eye explains its transparency. However, in children of the first week of life, the cornea may not be completely transparent due to temporary swelling - this is normal, but if it persists after 7 days of life, then this should be alarming. Observation from the first days of the newborn is attracted by the oval shape and moving objects with shiny spots. Such an oval corresponds to a human face.

   In children and adults up to 25-30 years old, the lens is elastic and is a transparent mass of semi-liquid consistency, enclosed in a capsule. In newborns, the lens has a number of characteristic features: it is almost round in shape, the radii of curvature of its anterior and posterior surfaces are almost the same. With age, the lens becomes denser, stretches in length and takes the form of a lentil grain. It grows especially strongly during the first year of life (the diameter of the lens of the eye of a child at the age of 0-7 days is 6.0 mm, and at the age of 1 year - 7.1 mm).

   The iris is shaped like a disk with a hole (pupil) in the center. The function of the iris is to participate in the light and dark adaptation of the eye. In bright light, the pupil constricts; in low light, the pupil dilates. The iris is colored and shows through the cornea. The color of the iris depends on the amount of pigment. When there is a lot of it, the eyes are dark or light brown, and when there is little, they are gray, greenish or blue. The iris in newborns contains little pigment (eye color is usually blue), convex and has a funnel shape. With age, the iris becomes thicker, richer in pigment, and loses its original funnel shape.

   The rods are responsible for black and white or twilight vision, and also help control the peripheral space relative to the fixation point of the eye. Cones determine color vision and due to the fact that their maximum number is located in the central part of the retina (yellow spot), where rays come focused by all the lenses of the eye, they play an exceptional role in the perception of objects located at the point of gaze fixation.

   Nerve fibers depart from the rods and cones, forming the optic nerve, which emerges from the eyeball and heads to the brain. The retina of newborns shows signs of incomplete development. The features and development of color vision in babies will be discussed later.

   The specificity of the vision of a newborn is a blinking reflex. Its essence lies in the fact that no matter how much you swing objects near the eyes, the baby does not blink, but he reacts to a bright and sudden beam of light. This is explained by the fact that at birth the child's visual analyzer is still at the very beginning of its development. The vision of the newborn is assessed at the level of sensation of light. That is, the baby is able to perceive only the light itself without perceiving the structure of the image.

   Anatomy of the eye The organ of vision is represented by the eyeball and auxiliary apparatus. The eyeball includes several components: a light-refracting apparatus, represented by a lens system: the cornea, lens and vitreous body; accommodative apparatus (iris, ciliary region and ciliary girdle), which provides a change in the shape and refractive power of the lens, focusing the image on the retina, adapting the eye to the intensity of illumination; and the light-perceiving apparatus represented by the retina. TO auxiliary apparatus eyelids, lacrimal apparatus and oculomotor muscles. The development of the baby's vision The intrauterine vision of the child has been studied very little, but it is known that even a baby born at the 28th week of pregnancy reacts to bright light. A baby born at the 32nd week of pregnancy closes its eyes to the light, and a baby born on time (on the 37th-40th week) turns its eyes, and a little later, the head towards the light source and moving objects. Observation One of the most important achievements of the first two or three months will be the gradual development of the ability to smoothly follow a moving object. different directions and at different speeds.

   The process of improving vision begins immediately after birth. During the first year, areas of the cerebral cortex are actively developing, in which the centers of vision are located (they are located in the back of the head), receiving information about the world around them. The friendly (simultaneous) movement of the eyes is "honed", the experience of visual perception is gained, the "library" of visual images is replenished. The vision of the newborn is assessed at the level of sensation of light. Babies who are a few days old see vague silhouettes and blurry contours with spots where the eyes and mouth should be instead of faces. In the future, visual acuity grows, increasing hundreds of times, and by the end of the first year of life it is 1/3-V2 of the adult norm. The most rapid development of the visual system occurs in the first months of a baby's life, while the very act of vision stimulates its development. Only the eye, on the retina of which the surrounding world is constantly projected, is able to develop normally.

   First and second weeks of life. Newborns practically do not react to visual stimuli: under the influence of bright light, their pupils constrict, their eyelids close, and their eyes wander aimlessly. However, it has been noticed that from the first days of the newborn, the oval shape and moving objects with shiny spots are attracted. This is not a puzzle at all, just such an oval corresponds to a human face. The child can follow the movements of such a "face", and if at the same time they are talking to him, he blinks. But although the child pays attention to a shape similar to a human face, this does not mean that he recognizes one of the people around him. It will take him a long time to do so. In the first or second week of life, the baby's vision is still weakly connected with consciousness. It is known that visual acuity in a newborn is much weaker than in an adult. Such poor vision is explained by the fact that the retina is still being formed, and the macula lutea (that part of the retina where vision of 1.0 is achieved - i.e. 100%) has not even formed yet. If such vision were observed in an adult, he would experience serious difficulties, but for a newborn, the most important thing is what is large and close: mother's face and chest. The field of view of the baby is sharply narrowed, so a person standing on the side of the child or behind the mother is not perceived by the child.

   Second to fifth weeks of life. The baby can fix his gaze on any light source. Around the fifth week of life, coordinated eye movements appear in the horizontal direction. However, these movements are not yet perfect - lowering and raising the eyes begins later. The baby is only able to fix a slowly moving object with his eyes for a short time and follow its movement. The field of view of a child at the age of about a month is still sharply narrowed, the baby reacts only to those objects that are at a close distance from him and within only 20-30 °. In addition, visual acuity is still very weak.

   The first month. The kid is able to steadily fix his gaze on the eyes of an adult. However, the vision of a child up to the fourth month of life is still considered underdeveloped.

   Second month. The child begins to explore the near space. He focuses on the toys. At the same time, sight, hearing and touch are involved, which mutually complement and control each other. The child develops the first ideas about the volume of the subject. If colorful toys “float” past him, he will follow them with his eyes and in all directions: up, down, left, right. During this period, there is a preference to look at contrasting simple figures (black and white stripes, circles and rings, etc.), moving contrasting objects, and generally new objects. The child begins to consider the details of an adult's face, objects, patterns.

   Thus, one of the most important achievements of the first two or three months will be the gradual development of the ability to smoothly follow an object moving in different directions and at different speeds.

   Third or fourth month. The level of development of eye movements in a child is already quite good. However, it is still difficult for him to smoothly follow an object moving in a circle or describing an "eight" in the air. Visual acuity continues to improve.

   By three months, babies begin to really enjoy bright colors and movable toys like hanging rattles. Such toys perfectly contribute to the development of vision in a child. From this period, the baby is able to smile when he sees something familiar. He follows the face of an adult moving in all directions or an object at a distance of 20 to 80 cm, and also looks at his hand and the object that he holds in it.

   When a child reaches for an object, he, as a rule, incorrectly estimates the distance to it, in addition, the child often makes mistakes in determining the volume of objects. He tries to "take" a flower from his mother's dress, not realizing that this flower is part of a flat drawing. This is explained by the fact that until the end of the fourth month of life, the world reflected on the retina of the eye still remains two-dimensional. When the baby discovers the third dimension and can estimate the distance to his favorite rattle, he will learn to make an aimed grasp. By analyzing the slightest discrepancies between the visual images of both eyes, the brain gets an idea of ​​the depth of space. In newborns, signals enter the brain in a mixed form. But gradually, the nerve cells that perceive the picture are delimited, and the signals become clear. The perception of volume in children develops when they begin to move in space.

   At the age of four months, the child is able to anticipate events that are about to happen. Just a few weeks ago, he kept screaming with hunger until the nipple entered his mouth. Now, when he sees his mother, he immediately reacts in one way or another. He can either shut up or start screaming even louder. Obviously, a connection is established in the child's mind based on a certain stereotype. Thus, one can notice the establishment of a connection between visual abilities and consciousness. Along with the fact that the child begins to realize the functions of the surrounding objects (what these objects are intended for), he acquires the ability to respond to their disappearance. The baby will follow the moving rattle and stare at the place where he saw it in last time. The child is trying to remember the trajectory of the rattle.

   Somewhere between three and six months of a child's life, the retina of his eyes develops enough that he can distinguish fine details of objects. The kid is already able to look from a close object to a distant one and back, without losing sight of it. From this period, the baby develops the following reactions: blinking when an object is quickly approaching, looking at oneself in the reflection of a mirror, recognizing the breast.

   Sixth month. The child actively examines and examines his immediate environment. He may be frightened when he is in a new place. Now the visual images that he encounters are especially important for the child. Prior to this, the baby, playing with his favorite toy, hit the object in search of interesting sensations, then grabbed it to put it in his mouth. A six-month-old baby is already picking up objects to examine them. Grasping becomes more and more precise. Based on this, a visual representation of the distance is formed, which, in turn, develops a three-dimensional perception in the baby. The child is able to choose his favorite toy with a glance. He already manages to focus his eyes on an object located at a distance of 7-8 cm from his nose.

   Seventh month. One of the most characteristic features of the child during this period is the ability to notice the smallest details of the environment. The kid immediately discovers the pattern on the new sheet. In addition, he begins to be interested in the relationship of surrounding objects.

   eighth to twelfth months. During this period, the child perceives the object not only as a whole, but also in its parts. He actively begins to look for objects that suddenly disappear from his field of vision, because. understands that the object has not ceased to exist, but is in another place. The facial expression of the baby changes depending on the facial expression of the adult. He is able to distinguish "us" from "strangers". Visual acuity is still increasing.

   From a year to 2 years. Almost complete coordination of eye and hand movements is achieved. A child watches an adult write or draw with a pencil. He is able to understand 2-3 gestures ("bye", "no", etc.).

   At the age of 3-4 years, the child's vision becomes almost the same as that of an adult.

   23-02-2012, 17:06

   Description

   The main objectives of the lesson. To study the morphological features of the visual analyzer in young children, the conditions for the formation and development of visual functions; consider the physiology of the visual act; gain an understanding of central vision and its age dynamics, fundamentals and dynamics of color vision; to study subjective and objective methods of studying visual acuity, color perception in children of different ages; to study age characteristics and methods for studying peripheral, binocular and stereoscopic vision.

   Lesson order. Visual functions are examined in each other and in children of different ages with a decrease in functions due to refractive errors, hydrophthalmos, cataracts, retinal detachment, etc. They master the technique of working with devices, methods and features of the study of individual functions in children of different ages. Consistently checked direct and friendly reaction of the pupils to light, the reaction of tracking and fixing the gaze. Next, approximately determine the sharpness and field of view, color perception and binocular vision. Following an indicative study of visual functions, they are determined on the apparatus.

   Already in a child of 3 years old, if you establish contact with him, you can quite accurately determine visual acuity.

   Visual acuity is the ability to distinguish separately two points or details of an object. To determine visual acuity serve as children's tables (Fig. 12),

   

   Rice. 12. Orlova tables for the study of visual acuity in children.

   tables with Landolt's optotypes placed in Roth's apparatus. Previously, the child is shown a table with pictures at close range. Then visual acuity is checked with both eyes open from a distance of 5 m, and then, alternately closing one or the other eye with a shutter (Fig. 13),

   

   Rice. 13. A translucent shield-shutter to turn off the non-examined eye.

   examine the vision of each eye. The display of pictures or signs starts from the top lines. School-age children show letters in the Sivtsev and Golovin table (Fig. 14)

   

   Rice. fourteen. Determination of visual acuity according to the Golovin-Sivtsev table.

   should start from the bottom rows. If the child sees almost all the letters of the 10th line, with the exception of one or two, then his visual acuity is 1.0. This line should be at the eye level of the seated child.

   When assessing visual acuity it is necessary to remember the age dynamics central vision, therefore, if a child of 3-4 years old sees signs only of the 5-7th line, this does not indicate the presence of organic changes in the organ of vision. To exclude them, it is necessary to carefully examine the anterior segment of the eye and determine at least the type of reflex from the fundus with a narrow pupil.

   If there are no opacities in the refractive media of the eye and there are not even indirect signs indicating the pathology of the fundus, then most often the decrease in vision may be due to refractive errors. To confirm or exclude this cause, it is necessary to try to improve vision. by substituting appropriate glasses in front of the eye (Fig. 15).

   

   Rice. 15. Determination of visual acuity with correction by optical glasses.

   When checking visual acuity may be below 0.1; in such cases, the child should be brought to the table (or the table should be brought to him) until he begins to distinguish letters or pictures of the first line. visual acuity
   should be calculated according to the Snellen formula: V = d/D where V is visual acuity; d is the distance from which the subject sees the letters of the given line. D is the distance from which the strokes of the letters differ at an angle of 1 (i.e., with a visual acuity of 1.0).

   If visual acuity is expressed in hundredths of a unit, then calculations using the formula become impractical. In such cases, it is necessary to resort to showing the sick fingers (on a dark background), the width of which approximately corresponds to the strokes of the letters of the first line, and note from what distance he counts them (Fig. 16).

   

   Rice. 16. Determination of visual acuity below 0.1 on the fingers.

   With some lesions of the organ of vision, the child may lose object vision, then he does not even see the fingers raised to his face. In these cases, it is very important to determine whether he still has at least a sense of light or whether there is absolute blindness. You can check this by observing the direct reaction of the pupil to light. An older child himself can note the presence or absence of light perception in him, if his eye is illuminated with an ophthalmoscope.

   However, install the presence of light perception the subject is still not enough. You should find out if all parts of the retina are functioning adequately. This is found out by examining the correctness of the light projection. It is most convenient to check it in a child by placing a lamp behind him and throwing a different points space light beam using ophthalmoscope. This study is also possible in children. younger age, who are invited to point their finger at a moving light source. Correct light projection indicates the normal function of the peripheral part of the retina.

   Light projection data are of particular importance when clouding of the optical media of the eyes and when ophthalmoscopy is not possible, for example, in a child with congenital cataract when deciding whether an optical operation is appropriate. Correct light projection indicates the safety of the visual-nerve apparatus of the eye.

   The presence of an incorrect (uncertain) light projection most often indicates gross changes in the retina, pathways, or the central part of the visual analyzer.

   Significant difficulties are encountered in the study of vision in children of the first years of life. It is natural that quantitative characteristics they almost cannot be specified. In the first week of life, the presence of vision in a child can be judged by the pupillary reaction to light. Given the narrowness of the pupil at this age and the lack of mobility of the iris, studies should be carried out in a darkened room and it is better to use a bright light source (mirror ophthalmoscope) to illuminate the pupil. Illumination of the eyes with bright light often causes the child to close the eyelids (Paper's reflex), throw back the head.

   At the 2-3rd week of a child's life, one can judge the state of his vision by detecting a short-term fixation with a glance of a light source or a bright object. Illuminating the child's eyes with the light of a moving ophthalmoscope or showing bright toys, one can see that the child briefly follows them. In children aged 4-5 weeks with good eyesight stable central fixation of the gaze is determined: the child is able to keep his eyes on a light source or bright objects for a long time.

   Due to the fact that it is not possible to quantify visual acuity in children even at the 3-4th month of life using methods available to the doctor, one should resort to descriptive characteristic. For example, a child of 3-4 months follows bright toys shown at different distances, at 4-6 months he begins to recognize his mother from afar, as evidenced by his behavior, facial expressions; measuring these distances and correlating them with the size of the letters of the first row of the table, one can approximately characterize visual acuity.

   In the first years of life, the visual acuity of the child should also be judged by the fact How far does he know surrounding people, toys, orientation in an unfamiliar room. Visual acuity in children increases gradually, and the rate of this growth is different. So, by the age of 3, visual acuity in at least 10% of children is 1.0, in 30% - 0.5-0.8, in the rest - below 0.5. By the age of 7, most children have visual acuity of 0.8-1.0. In cases where visual acuity is 1.0, it should be remembered that this is not the limit, and continue the study, since it can be (in about 15% of children) and much higher (1.5 and 2.0 and even more ).

   Peripheral vision is characterized by the field of view (the totality of all points in space that are simultaneously perceived by the fixed eye).

   Visual field examination necessary in the diagnosis of a number of ocular and general diseases, especially neurological, associated with damage to the visual pathways. The study of peripheral vision has two goals: determining the boundaries of the field of view and identifying limited areas of loss (cattle) in it.

   The field of vision in children under the age of 2-3 years should first of all be judged by their orientation in the environment.

   In young children, and in some cases in older children, approximately peripheral vision should be preliminarily determined in the simplest way (control). The subject is seated opposite the doctor so that their eyes are at the same level. Determine the field of view of each eye separately. To do this, the subject closes, for example, the left eye, and the researcher closes the right eye, then vice versa. The object is an object (a piece of cotton wool, a pencil) moved from the periphery along the midline between the doctor and the patient (Fig. 17).

   

   Rice. 17. Control method of studying the field of view.

   The subject marks the moment when a moving object appears in the field of view. The researcher judges the field of view, focusing on the state of his own field of view (obviously known).

   The definition of the boundaries of the fields of view in degrees is carried out on perimeters. The most common of them is the desktop perimeter (Fig. 18)

   

   Rice. eighteen. Desktop perimeter.

   and projection-registration.

   The study of the field of view is carried out using special object labels(black stick with a white object at the end) on the desktop perimeter - in a lighted room, on the projection - in a darkened one. Most often they use a white object with a diameter of 5 mm. The boundaries of the visual field are usually examined in 8 meridians. The perimeter arc is easy to rotate. The subject's head is placed on the perimeter stand. One eye fixes the mark in the central part of the arc. The object is slowly (2 cm / sec) moved from the periphery to the center. The subject notes the appearance of a moving object in the field of view and the moments of its disappearance from the field of view.

   Projection-registration perimeters have a number of advantages. Thanks to the existing device, you can change the magnitude and intensity of illumination of objects, as well as their color, while simultaneously marking the received data on the diagram. It is also important that repeated studies can be carried out under the same lighting conditions. The most perfect is projection spheroperimeter(Fig. 19).

   

   Rice. 19. Study of the field of view on the spheroperimeter.

   To obtain more accurate data on the state of peripheral vision, studies are carried out using objects of smaller size (3-1 mm) and different illumination (on the projection perimeters). With the help of these studies, even minor changes in the visual analyzer can be detected.

   If in the study of peripheral vision find a concentric constriction, this may indicate that the child has inflammatory disease optic nerve, its atrophy, glaucoma. A concentric narrowing of the visual field is also observed in the retinal pigment degeneration. A significant narrowing of the field of view in any sector is often noted with retinal detachment, extensive areas of its concussion as a result of trauma.

   Loss of the central portion of the visual field, combined, as a rule, with a decrease in central vision, possibly with retrobulbar neuritis, degenerative changes in the macular region, inflammatory foci in it, etc. Bilateral changes in the visual fields are most often observed with damage to the visual pathways in the cranial cavity. So, bitemporal and binasal hemianopsia occur with lesions of the chiasm, right- and left-sided homonymous hemianopia - with damage to the visual pathways above the chiasm.

   In some cases, with insufficient clarity of the identified changes, a more subtle study should be resorted to. with colored objects(red, green blue). All data obtained are recorded in the existing diagrams of the visual fields (Fig. 20).

   

   Rice. twenty. Blank diagram of the visual field and the boundaries of the visual field on white in children of different ages and in adults. Solid line - adult; dotted line with dots - children 9-11 years old; dotted line - children 5-7 years old; points - children under 3 years.

   Field of view width in children is directly related to age. So in children 3 years old, the borders are white narrower than in adults, along all radii by an average of 15 ° (nasal - 45 °, temporal - 75 °, upper - 40 °, lower - 55 °. Then there is a gradual expansion of the boundaries, and in 12-14-year-old children, they almost do not differ from the boundaries in adults (nasal - 60 °, temporal - 90 °, upper - 55 °, lower - 70 °).

   When examining the perimeter, they can quite clearly be identified large scotomas. However, the shape and size of scotomas located within 30-40 ° from the central fossa are best determined on campimeter. This method is also used to determine the size and shape of the blind spot. In this case, the optic nerve head is projected on a black matte board located at a distance of 1 m from the subject, whose head is placed on a stand. There is a white fixation point on the board opposite the examined eye, which it must fix. A white object with a diameter of 3-5 mm is moved along the board in a place corresponding to the projection of the optic nerve head. The boundaries of the blind spot are identified by the moment the object appears or disappears from the field of view. The size of the blind spot on the appearance of the object is normal in older children age groups is 12 X 14 cm. With inflammatory, congestive phenomena in the optic nerve, glaucoma, the blind spot may increase in size. Especially valuable are dynamic studies with cattle, which make it possible to judge changes in the course of the process.

   In some cases, in order to judge the state of the visual analyzer, it is necessary to determine the function of light perception (the ability to perceive minimal light irritation).

   Most often check light perception with glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, choroiditis and other diseases. The study consists in determining the threshold of light irritation in a sick child separately for each eye, i.e., the minimum light irritation captured by the eye, and monitoring the change in this threshold during the patient's stay in the dark. The threshold changes depending on the degree of illumination. During a stay in the dark, the threshold of light irritation decreases. This process is called dark adaptation.

   Adaptometry is usually done on the Belostotsky-Hoffmann adaptometer (Fig. 21).

   

   Rice. 21. Study of light sensitivity on an adaptometer.

   The study is carried out in the dark after a 10-minute illumination of the eyes with a bright light source. The threshold of light irritation, as a rule, is determined every 5 minutes for 45 minutes. If there are changes in the rod apparatus of the retina, the level of the dark adaptation curve may be lower than in a healthy child of the same age, the irritation threshold may remain high for a long time. To control the effectiveness of treatment, repeated adaptometric studies are carried out.

   The sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye in children increases with age. Most high level
   The curve of dark adaptation is observed in children 12-14 years old, it significantly exceeds the level of the curve of an adult.

   On the stability of the functioning of the retina can be judged by photo (light) stress. The research methodology is as follows. After a preliminary determination of visual acuity, the examined eye is exposed to a bright light source (flash lamp or eye illumination with a manual electro-ophthalmoscope for 30 seconds). Then determine the time during which vision reaches the original value. Restoration of vision within 30-40 seconds indicates the normal functioning of the fovea of ​​the retina.

   An important visual function is color vision. According to the state of color vision, diseases of the retina and visual pathways can be judged.

   Exist mute and vowel methods for studying color perception. For research using the vowel method, Rabkin's polychromatic tables are used, on the color field of which numbers are depicted, made up of multi-colored circles (Fig. 22).

   

   Rice. 22. Polychromatic table for the study of color perception.

   Due to the fact that color anomalies judge color tones by their brightness, the background of the tables and the numbers on them have the same brightness, but different color shades. Therefore, patients with impaired color perception cannot correctly name the signs drawn on the table. Based on the analysis of the results of the study, it is possible to differentiate one type of color perception disorder from another, to judge which color perception suffers more in the patient - red (protanopia) or green (deuteranopia). With the help of special tables, it is possible to distinguish between acquired color vision disorders and congenital ones.?

   Exploring the color sense using Rabkin's polychromatic tables, they are carried out as follows: (Fig. 23)

   

   Rice. 23. Study of color perception.

   the subject sits in front of the window, and the doctor - with his back to the window at a distance of 1 m from the patient and holds the tables. The display of each of them continues for 5-6 seconds. The silent method of studying color vision consists in showing the subject skeins of threads that are very close in tone, and suggesting that they be divided into separate groups of the corresponding color.

   For the correct formation of color vision it is necessary that the child from the first days of life was in a well-lit room. From the age of three months, from the moment a strong binocular fixation appears, bright toys should be used, given that the most effective stimuli that have a stimulating effect on the functions of the organ of vision are medium-wave radiation - yellow, yellow-green, red, orange and green colors.

   It should be remembered that a color anomaly occurs in about 5% of men, and in women it is 100 times less common.

   The condition is extremely important for some types of professional activity. binocular vision(ability spatial perception images with participation in the act of vision of both eyes).

   binocular vision and its highest form - stereoscopic vision - give depth perception, allow you to estimate the distance of objects from the researcher and from each other. It is possible with a sufficiently high (0.3 and higher) visual acuity of each eye, normal operation sensory and motor apparatus.

   monocular vision more common in patients with strabismus, with significant (over 3.0 D) anisometropia (different eye refraction) and aniseikonia ( different sizes images on the retina and visual centers), uncorrected high degree farsightedness and astigmatism. The non-functioning eye in such cases is included in the work only when the functioning eye is closed. With monocular vision, the child is deprived of the opportunity to correctly assess the depth of the location of objects. However, life experience and acquired skills help even a person with one eye to some extent compensate for the existing deficiency and correctly orientate themselves in the environment.

   A more perfect form compared to the monocular is simultaneous vision. In this case, both eyes function, but with separate fields of vision. Therefore, the participation of both eyes in vision is possible until attention is fixed on any object. When attention is fixed on one of the points in space, the image belonging to one of the eyes is excluded from perception.

   The development of binocular vision begins with binocular fixation in a child at the 3rd month of life, and its formation ends by 6-12 years.

   The equipment for the study of binocular vision is diverse. At the heart of the design of all devices is principle of separation of visual fields of the right and left eyes. The most simple and easy to use device in which this separation is carried out with the help of complementary colors; these colors, when superimposed on each other, do not transmit light - a four-point color apparatus (Fig. 24).

   

   Rice. 24. Four-point color apparatus.
   a - location of color tests in the device; b - when viewed with colored glasses (red glass in front of the right eye, green - in front of the left) in the presence of binocular vision, when the leading eye is right; in - the same when the leading eye is left; d - with monocular vision of the left eye; e - with monocular vision of the right eye, f - with simultaneous vision.

   Red and green colors are used. On the front surface of the device there are several holes with red and green light filters, and one hole is covered with frosted glass; inside the device is illuminated by a lamp. The subject puts on glasses with red-green filters. At the same time, the eye in front of which there is a red glass sees only red objects, the other - green. A colorless object can be seen with both the right and left eyes. Therefore, with monocular vision (suppose, the eye is involved in the vision, in front of which there is a red glass), the subject will see red objects and a colorless object colored red. With normal binocular vision, all red and green objects are visible, and colorless objects appear to be colored red-green, as they are perceived by both the right and left eyes. If there is a pronounced leading eye, then the colorless circle will be colored in the color of the glass placed in front of the leading eye. With simultaneous vision, the subject sees 5 objects.

   elementary the presence of binocular vision can be judged by the appearance of double vision when one of the eyes is displaced, when a finger is pressed on it through the eyelid. Binocular vision is also determined by the installation movement of the eyes. If, during fixation by the subject of any object, one of his eyes is covered with the palm of his hand, then in the presence of hidden strabismus, the eye under the palm will deviate to the side. When the hand is taken away, if the patient has binocular vision, the eye will make an adjusting movement to obtain binocular perception.

   Practical skills:
   1. Check visual acuity approximately and according to the tables.
   2. Examine the field of view in a control way and on the perimeter.
   3. Explore color perception using Rabkin's polychromatic tables and in a dumb way.
   4. Determine the nature of vision on a four-point color apparatus and an approximate method.

   Article from the book: .