On what days are children vaccinated? What vaccinations are required for children?

Content

From the very birth of their children, parents constantly take care of their health. A newborn baby is born with a weak immune system, so he is not protected from surrounding viruses and infections. To protect your baby, you should be vaccinated regularly. As a rule, the first vaccinations are given monthly for up to a year.

What vaccinations are given to children under one year of age?

Vaccination in modern society is generally accepted, and vaccinations for children under one year of age are included in the schedule of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The main reason that vaccination should be carried out is to reduce mortality and disability in children. At the same time, the procedure does not guarantee that the baby will not get sick, just from the moment the medicine is administered, the child’s body will begin to produce antibodies to resist viruses, and in case of illness, the baby will have a better chance of being cured without consequences.

Parents are often interested in the question of how many vaccinations a child receives before one year of age. As a rule, Russian vaccination is carried out according to a schedule, or, as it is often called, the national calendar. This list is approved by the legislative body and is relevant for all regions of the country. The main preventive list of vaccinations for the first year of a baby’s life includes vaccines that protect against the following diseases:

• tuberculosis;
• viral hepatitis;
• whooping cough;
• tetanus;
• diphtheria;
• pigs;
• Hib infections;
• rubella;
• polio;
• measles

Is vaccination required?

Many parents are often interested in the question: should their children be vaccinated at all? As a rule, childhood vaccinations are included in the generally accepted list recommended by WHO and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. If parents are afraid of complications after the administration of drugs or the baby is allergic to certain medicinal components, then they have the right to refuse vaccination, because vaccinations, although included in the national calendar, are not mandatory.

To refuse, you just need to write an application addressed to the head physician of the maternity hospital or clinic. In addition, you can refuse if the mother believes that vaccination will not bring much benefit to the child. It should be remembered that all responsibility for the baby’s health will rest with her. In any case, parents have the right to know what vaccine they are going to give their child, its contraindications and side effects.

How safe are vaccinations?

An undoubted advantage of vaccination is protection against diseases that are impossible or difficult to cure. At the same time, there are side effects that parents should know about in advance in order to understand responsibility, because the introduction of medicinal drugs can cause a response in the body. These are the so-called normal or usual changes that develop after a particular medication. Local reaction on the drug, which should go away in a couple of days, may be as follows:

• tissue compaction;
• redness, which is no more than 8 cm in diameter;
• mild soreness;
• increase in temperature;
• short-term intoxication (headache, malaise, sleep disturbance).

Any of the vaccines given may cause the following complications:

• allergic reaction;
• encephalitis;
• convulsions;
• meningitis;
• neuritis;
• polyneuritis;
• paralysis;
• myocarditis;
• hypoplastic anemia;
• collagenoses;
• abscess at the injection site;
• lymphadenitis;
• Osteitis

Vaccination table for children under one year old

	Name of vaccination
Newborn (first hours of life)	1st from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V
Newborn (3-7 days after birth)	For tuberculosis
	2nd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V
	3rd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V,
	1st for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Infanrix, DPT, Pentaxim
	1st for hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Act-HIB, Pentaxim
	1st from polio	OPV, Pentaxim, IPV
	2nd for diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	Pentaxim, DPT, Infanrix
4.5 months	2nd from hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Akt-HIB, Pentaxim
	2nd from polio	Pentaxim OPV, IPV
	3rd from tetanus, whooping cough, diphtheria	Pentaxim, DPT, Infanrix, Bubo-Kok
6 months	3rd from hemophilus influenzae infection	Hiberix, Act-HIB, Pentaxim
	3rd from polio	OPV, Pentaxim IPV
	3rd from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V, Bubo-Kok
12 months	Against rubella, measles, mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	4th from viral hepatitis B	Combiotech, Engerix V

When not to vaccinate

• prematurity;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• anemia;
• when hemoglobin is below 84 g/l;
• cold, malaise, fever;
• blood transfusion.

In each of these cases, the duration of the medical withdrawal must be determined individually; as a rule, this period is from 7 to 30 days. The main indications for completely stopping the administration of drugs:

• acquired or congenital immunodeficiency;
• progressive damage to the central nervous system;
• allergy to a previous vaccination;
• afebrile seizures;
• severe reaction to one of the components of the medicine.

Video

All parents must clearly understand that by refusing routine vaccination, they are exposing their baby to a number of dangerous diseases. Vaccinations for children under one year of age, although not mandatory, are, according to many doctors, considered an important component of a child’s life. The vaccination calendar will help you find out in more detail the answers to questions about which vaccination and when to get it. Well-known doctors: Komarovsky, Yakovlev and Tkachenko tell more about the schedule and schemes for administering drugs in videos.

National vaccination calendar for children under 1 year of age

What is a vaccination calendar

Vaccination schedule for the first year of a child’s life

Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar- one of the most complete in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are installed in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.

Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.

What laws govern childhood vaccinations?

There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
2. “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
3. Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:

• Viral hepatitis;
• Tuberculosis;
• Whooping cough;
• Diphtheria;
• Tetanus;
• Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• Polio;
• Measles;
• Rubella;
• Mumps.

In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding outbreaks of infection is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age

Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine	Notes
1 day(newborn)	- First vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis.
3-7 days(newborn)	- Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG-M	Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity; it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity - BCG vaccination do it again.
Baby at 1 month	- Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech
Baby at 2 months		Engerix V, Combiotech	It is given only to children at risk.
Baby at 3 months	- First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim	Each vaccination has its own vaccine, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use the combined Pentaxim vaccine.
	- First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	- First polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 4.5 months	- Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim
	- Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	- Second polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 6 months	- Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok	Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with a vaccine against hepatitis, if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine.
	- Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	- Third polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
	- Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok
Baby at 12 months	- Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	- Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	Only for children at risk.

The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.

About vaccines

Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.

1. Hepatitis vaccine. It contains individual proteins of the hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
2. Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. They do not cause disease in humans, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop stable immunity, the tuberculosis bacillus must be in the body constantly.
3. Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
4. Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. A live vaccine is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and may cause light form polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine, and the second vaccination is done live.
5. Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.

How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know

Parents are most frightened by the possible consequences of vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:

• Anaphylactic shock;
• Severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
• Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
• Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
• Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination;
• Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.

The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

Basic rules

• Malaise, cold, fever;
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• Recent blood transfusion;
• Prematurity.

In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indications for complete cancellation of vaccination are:

• Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
• Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know!- A reminder for mothers on how to communicate with a doctor.

3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. Usually they do this if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or get a comprehensive vaccination.

4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.

5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence– increase in temperature. Read about how to control the reaction of a child’s body and what to do if the temperature rises here (link).

Important: How to prepare a child for vaccination - rules, tips and recommendations

How to refuse vaccination

Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:

Statement:

I, (full name), living at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations (including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.

This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:

1) Art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;

2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;

3) art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Russian Federation" dated June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.

I ask you to provide registration medical documentation for my child unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.

If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.

We also read: Is it normal for a child to have a fever after vaccination or to sound the alarm? and a useful article about whether it is possible or not to bathe a child after vaccination?

Each family decides the issue of vaccinations in its own way: to give it or not, buy your own vaccines or trust the doctors from the clinic. The most important thing is that the children are healthy.

• Mantoux vaccination
• Vaccination: measles, rubella, mumps

Vaccination calendar - Doctor Komarovsky School

On guard of health. Vaccine prevention. National calendar of preventive vaccinations

Within 1-3 days after the birth of the baby, the first vaccination in his life will be given in the maternity hospital. A person is vaccinated against dangerous diseases throughout his life.

In recent years, there has been a heated debate between supporters and opponents of immunization of the population. Vaccination is not mandatory by law, and written consent is obtained from parents before each vaccination. Previously, there was no question about whether to vaccinate or not, but now there is active “anti-vaccination” propaganda, and many parents refuse vaccination. The opinion of pediatricians is clear: children should be vaccinated!

Whether or not to vaccinate a child is decided individually by his parents. How many vaccinations does a child under one year receive?

Most vaccinations occur in the first year of a baby's life. Almost every month at your pediatrician’s appointment you will be asked to give your child another vaccination.

Having been born, the baby enters a world full of various infections and viruses, weak immunity is not able to resist them. Medicine comes to the rescue - the child is vaccinated according to a specially developed scheme. After certain periods of time, an appropriate vaccine is introduced into the body, thanks to which antibodies are produced to dangerous and even fatal diseases. In just the first 12 months of life, a baby will have to be vaccinated against seven dangerous diseases.

List of basic vaccinations for infants

What diseases are all infants vaccinated against? In Russia there is an approved list:

• hepatitis B;
• tuberculosis;
• diphtheria;
• whooping cough;
• tetanus;
• polio;
• measles;
• rubella;
• mumps;
• hemophilus infection.

The vaccination schedule does not include vaccinations against influenza, encephalitis, chickenpox and hepatitis A. They can be given to children under one year of age if indicated, for example, if an epidemic of a disease has begun in the region.

For hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an infectious liver disease that is transmitted at home, through unsterile medical instruments, and in utero from a sick mother. The very first vaccination is usually given to a newborn within 24 hours. This is due to the fact that in Russia there is a high risk of infection with hepatitis B. It is placed intramuscularly in the thigh; the injection site cannot be wet.

Sometimes a child has a reaction in the form of an allergy or fever; the mother needs to monitor the baby’s condition after vaccination. As a rule, the drug for hepatitis B is well tolerated without causing any complications.

Contraindications to vaccination may be:

• prematurity;
• suspected HIV infection;
• the mother has a history of a severe allergic reaction.

Revaccination is carried out twice: at 1 month and at 6 months, and provides immunity from hepatitis B disease for 5 years.

For tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is a severe chronic disease, affecting the lungs and giving complications to other organs and systems. The only one meaningful prevention tuberculosis is vaccination.

BCG is placed on days 3-7 of a child’s life. If due to some contraindications it was not performed, it can be done later in the clinic. It’s better not to delay and vaccinate your baby before 6 months. The sooner BCG is done, the less likely it is to get tuberculosis, so it is placed in the maternity hospital before contact with the outside world and the virus living in it occurs.

If after the maternity hospital an unvaccinated baby has had contact with the tuberculosis pathogen, vaccinating him is no longer effective. You can get infected anywhere: in transport, on the street, which is why it is so important to get vaccinated immediately after the baby is born. The tuberculosis vaccine is given separately from others. It gives children immunity up to 7 years of age.

The BCG vaccination is given in the left shoulder; the injection site must not be wetted, as a wound will form there and should not be treated. antiseptics and is not opened, the pediatrician at the clinic will use it to evaluate the activity of the vaccine.

Vaccination against tuberculosis is delayed in newborns:

• with body weight less than 2 kg;
• for acute diseases;
• the presence of HIV in the mother or baby;
• revealed fact of tuberculosis disease in other family members.

For diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus

DTP is a complex vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. It is given 4 times: at 3, 4.5, 6 and 18 months. DTP gives the child immunity for a period of 5-10 years.

1. Diphtheria is a bacterial disease that affects the upper respiratory tract. Due to possible complications, the disease is considered fatal and is transmitted by airborne droplets.
2. Whooping cough is an equally serious infection; it spreads very quickly and is especially severe in infants. Before the invention of the vaccine, whooping cough was responsible for the majority of childhood deaths.
3. Tetanus is a serious infectious disease affecting the nervous system, leading to seizures. It is transmitted through skin damage: burns, wounds, cuts.

The vaccine is placed intramuscularly in the thigh. A reaction to the DTP vaccine often occurs with an increase in body temperature to 38-39°C, redness and swelling at the injection site, and the appearance of allergies. DTP vaccination is not given to children with acute diseases, immunodeficiency, or allergies.

From polio

Poliomyelitis affects the nervous, respiratory and digestive systems, is transmitted by airborne droplets and leads to serious disorders, and in especially severe cases, to paralysis. Polio vaccination is given together with DTP at 3, 4.5 months and at six months. The vaccine provides protection against polio for 5-10 years. It is easily tolerated and, as a rule, does not cause complications.

For measles, rubella and mumps

The vaccine is given at one year of age against three dangerous diseases at once. This makes the vaccination easier to tolerate. Immunity is developed for a period of at least 5 years.

1. Measles is a viral infectious disease, transmitted by airborne droplets, affects the respiratory system and leads to severe intoxication of the child’s body.
2. Rubella is characterized by skin rashes and is dangerous due to its complications.
3. Mumps, or mumps, affects the glandular organs and nervous system.

Reactions to the vaccine may occur in the form of redness and fever. Contraindications to vaccination are: allergies, acute diseases, immunodeficiency.

Against other diseases

In addition to the basic vaccinations that are given according to the national vaccination calendar, there are vaccines that are recommended by the doctor or that are given at the request of the parents. If the family lives near livestock farms, the pediatrician may suggest vaccination against anthrax and brucellosis.

In regions with high tick activity, vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis. Flu vaccinations are given every year in regions with high performance epidemics. Children with heart and kidney pathologies, special types of anemia, and immunodeficiency are required to be vaccinated against pneumococcal infection.

Vaccination schedule for children under one year old by month with vaccine names

The table provides a list of the main scheduled vaccinations for children by month and the names of the vaccines. The Russian vaccination calendar is considered one of the most complete and effective in the world.

The vaccination table for up to a year will help you figure it out and see which vaccination is next on the schedule. Deviations from the schedule are possible due to health reasons, for example, if a child is vaccinated not at 8, but at 9 months, nothing bad will happen, the pediatrician will draw up individual plan vaccinations.

The pediatrician-neonatologist is obliged to tell the new mother in the maternity hospital about the vaccination schedule and their importance for the baby

Age	Name of vaccination	Name of drugs
24 hours after birth	From viral hepatitis B	"Euvax V", "Regevac V"
3-7 days	For tuberculosis	BCG, BCG-M
1 month	Revaccination against viral hepatitis B	"Euvax V", "Regevac V"
2 months	2 revaccination against viral hepatitis B for the risk group	"Euvax V", "Regevac V"
	For pneumococcal infection	"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13"
3 months	For diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus
	From polio
	Against hemophilus influenzae for children at risk
4.5 months	Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, AKDS, "Infanrix"
	Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae for children at risk	"Akt-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim"
	Revaccination against polio	"Infanrix Hexa", "Pentaxim"
	Revaccination against pneumococcal infection	"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13"
6 months	2 revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	ADS, ADS-M, AD-M, AKDS, "Infanrix"
	2 revaccination against viral hepatitis B	"Euvax V", "Regevac V"
	2 revaccination against polio	"Infanrix Hexa", "Pentaxim"
	2 revaccination against hemophilus influenzae for children at risk	"Akt-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim"
12 months	For measles, rubella, mumps	"Priorix", MMR-II
	3 revaccination against viral hepatitis B for children at risk	"Euvax V", "Regevac V"

In what cases can the schedule be changed?

The vaccination table will help you find out how many months the next vaccination will be, or your local doctor will tell you. Before the vaccination, the pediatrician will assess the child’s condition - if there are signs of an acute illness, the vaccination will have to be rescheduled. An individual vaccination schedule is made for infants susceptible to allergies, under the supervision of an immunologist, and entered into the child’s medical record.

If you think about it, each child is vaccinated according to his own schedule, because any postponement of vaccination changes the entire vaccination plan.

There are contraindications for which any vaccination is removed from the schedule or postponed for some time: for example, a strong reaction to the introduction of this vaccine ahead of schedule, immunodeficiency, malignant neoplasms, low birth weight, severe lesions nervous system and others.

Is vaccination well tolerated?

Nowadays, adverse reactions to vaccines are rare, but they still happen, and parents should be aware of them in order to help their child in a timely manner. The most common complications are: redness, swelling, suppuration at the vaccination site, increased body temperature, allergies. When a severe reaction to a vaccine occurs, such as hyperthermia or significant swelling, you should seek immediate medical attention.

• In case of dermatitis, fever, runny nose, vaccination is not carried out;
• You cannot get vaccinated if you have recently had contact with infectious patients, for example, ARVI;
• Allergy sufferers are given antihistamines 2-3 days before vaccination;
• V home medicine cabinet There should be antipyretic medications and anti-allergy medications.

You need to be prepared that the child’s body may react to vaccination with an increase in temperature. Is it necessary to get vaccinated?

IN lately There is active propaganda against vaccinations. The question of whether to vaccinate or not remains at the discretion of the parents. When making a decision, you should remember that before the introduction of state immunization of the population, infant mortality in Russia was up to 40%, and now it is less than 1% - the difference is impressive.

To assess the risks of getting complications from vaccination and the risks of remaining unvaccinated from deadly diseases, it is important to look at the issue from all sides. The vaccine activates the child’s immunity, and if a subsequent encounter with the virus occurs, the person will not get sick or the disease will pass in a mild, non-dangerous form. You need to understand that an unvaccinated baby will be completely defenseless against dangerous diseases, and any contact with them can lead to irreparable consequences.

Children and adults need

vaccinations

As in effective means combating dangerous infectious diseases. One of the very first vaccinations that a child is given is

DPT

Which represents

vaccine

against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. All three infectious diseases are serious and potentially dangerous to humans, since, even with the use of the most modern and highly effective antibacterial drugs, the percentage of deaths is very high. In addition, severe forms of infections can lead to developmental disorders and disability of a person from childhood.

Explanation of DTP vaccination and types of vaccines used

DPT vaccine passes in the international nomenclature as DTP. The abbreviation simply stands for adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. This drug is combined and is used to combat, respectively, diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. Today there is a choice of these vaccines - domestic drug DTP or Infanrix. There are also combination vaccines that contain not only DPT, for example:

• Pentaxim – DPT + against polio + hemophilus influenzae infection;
• Bubo – M – diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis B;
• Tetrakok – DTP + against polio;
• Tritanrix-HB – DTP + against hepatitis B.

The DTP vaccine is the basis for immunoprophylaxis of tetanus, diphtheria and whooping cough. However, the pertussis component can cause strong reactions, or revaccination only against diphtheria and tetanus is required - then the appropriate vaccines are used, which in Russia include the following:

• ADS (according to the international nomenclature DT) is a vaccine against tetanus and diphtheria. Today, our country uses domestic ADS and imported D.T.Vax;
• ADS-m (dT) is a vaccine intended against tetanus and diphtheria, which is administered to children after 6 years of age and to adults. In Russia, domestic ADS-m and imported Imovax D.T.Adult are used;
• AC (international nomenclature T) – tetanus vaccine;
• AD-m (d) – vaccine against diphtheria.

These types of vaccines are used to vaccinate children and adults against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.
Should I get the DPT vaccine?

Today, DTP vaccination is given to children in all developed countries, thanks to which many thousands of children's lives have been saved. In the last five years, some developing countries have phased out the pertussis component, resulting in

and the mortality rate from it has increased significantly. As a result of this experiment, governments decided to return to vaccination against whooping cough.

Of course, the question “should I get the DPT vaccine?” can be set in different ways. Some people believe that vaccinations are not necessary in principle, others believe that this particular vaccine is very dangerous and causes severe consequences in the form of neurological pathologies in a child, and someone wants to know whether it is possible to vaccinate the baby at this particular point in time.

If a person decides not to get vaccinated at all, then naturally he does not need DPT. If you think that the DTP vaccine is harmful and contains a lot of components that put too much stress on the child’s body, then this is not so. The human body is able to easily tolerate several vaccine components aimed against various infections. What is important here is not their quantity, but compatibility. Therefore, the DTP vaccine, developed in the 40s of the 20th century, became a kind of revolutionary achievement when it was possible to place a vaccine against three infections in one bottle. And from this point of view, such a combined drug means a reduction in the number of trips to the clinic, and only one injection instead of three.

It is certainly necessary to get the DPT vaccine, but you need to carefully examine the child and get permission for vaccination - then the risk of complications is minimal. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the most common reasons the development of complications due to DTP vaccination is ignored medical contraindications, incorrect administration and spoiled drug. All these reasons can be easily eliminated, and you can safely get an important vaccination.

Parents who doubt the advisability of immunization can be reminded of the statistics from Russia before the start of vaccination (before the 1950s). Approximately 20% of children suffered from diphtheria, half of them died. Tetanus is an even more dangerous infection, with childhood mortality accounting for almost 85% of cases. In the world today, approximately 250,000 people die from tetanus every year in countries where they do not vaccinate. And absolutely all children suffered from whooping cough before the start of mass immunization. However, you should know that the DTP vaccine is the most difficult to tolerate of all those included in the national calendar. Therefore, vaccination, of course, is not a gift from God, but it is necessary.

DPT vaccination for adults

The last immunization of children with the DTP vaccine is done at the age of 14 years, then adults must be revaccinated every 10 years, that is, the next vaccination must be done at 24 years. Adults are given the diphtheria-tetanus (DT) vaccine because whooping cough is no longer a danger to them. Revaccination is necessary in order to maintain a level of antibodies in the human body that is sufficient to ensure immunity to infections. If an adult does not undergo revaccination, they will still have antibodies in their body, but their quantity is not sufficient to provide immunity, so there is a risk of getting sick. If a vaccinated person who has not been revaccinated after 10 years gets sick, the infection will develop in a milder form compared to those who have not been vaccinated at all.

How much in total DPT vaccinations, and when are they made?

To form a sufficient number of antibodies that provide immunity to whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria, the child is given 4 doses of DPT vaccine - the first at the age of 3 months, the second after 30-45 days (that is, at 4-5 months), the third at six months ( at 6 months). The fourth dose of DTP vaccine is given at 1.5 years of age. These four doses are necessary for the formation

And all subsequent DTP vaccinations will be carried out only to maintain the required concentration of antibodies, and they are called revaccinations.

Then children are revaccinated at 6 - 7 years old, and at 14. Thus, each child receives 6 DTP vaccinations. After the last immunization at 14 years of age, revaccination must be carried out every 10 years, that is, at 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, etc.

Vaccination schedule

In the absence of contraindications and approval for vaccinations, the administration of the DTP vaccine to children and adults is carried out according to the following schedule:

4 – 5 months.

6 months.

1.5 years (18 months).

Interval between vaccinations

The first three doses of DPT vaccine (at 3, 4.5 and 6 months) should be administered with an interval of 30 to 45 days between them. Administration of subsequent doses is not allowed earlier than after an interval of 4 weeks. That is, at least 4 weeks must pass between the previous and next DTP vaccinations.

If the time has come for the next DTP vaccination, and the child gets sick, or there are some other reasons why vaccination cannot be carried out, then it is postponed. You can postpone vaccination for a fairly long period of time, if necessary. But the vaccination should be given as soon as it can be done (for example, the child will recover, etc.).

If one or two doses of DTP were given, and the next vaccination had to be postponed, then when returning to vaccination there is no need to start it again - you should simply continue the interrupted chain. In other words, if there is one DPT vaccination, then two more doses must be delivered at intervals of 30–45 days, and one a year after the last one. If there are two DPT vaccinations, then simply give the last one, the third one, and a year later, the fourth one. Then vaccinations are given according to schedule, that is, at 6–7 years old, and at 14.

First DTP at 3 months

According to the vaccination calendar, the first DTP is given to a child at the age of 3 months. This is due to the fact that maternal antibodies received from her by the child through the umbilical cord persist only 60 days after birth. That is why it was decided to start immunization from 3 months, and some countries do this from 2 months. If for some reason DTP was not given at 3 months, then the first vaccination can be done at any age up to 4 years. Children over 4 years of age who have not previously been vaccinated with DPT are vaccinated only against tetanus and diphtheria - that is, with DPT preparations.

To minimize the risk of reactions, it is important that the child is healthy when the vaccine is administered. A great danger is the presence of thymomegaly (enlargement of the thymus gland), in which DPT can cause severe reactions and complications.

The first DTP vaccination can be done with any vaccine. You can use domestic or imported ones - Tetrakok and Infanrix. DPT and Tetrakok cause post-vaccination reactions (not complications!) in approximately 1/3 of children, while Infanrix, on the contrary, is very easily tolerated. Therefore, if possible, it is better to install Infanrix.

Second DTP

The second DTP vaccination is done 30 - 45 days after the first, that is, at 4.5 months. It is best to vaccinate your child with the same drug as the first time. However, if for some reason it is impossible to deliver the same vaccine as the first time, then you can replace it with any other one. Remember that according to the requirements of the World Health Organization, all types of DTP are interchangeable.

The reaction to the second DPT can be much stronger than to the first. You shouldn’t be afraid of this, but be mentally prepared. This reaction of the child’s body is not a sign of pathology. The fact is that, as a result of the first vaccination, the body has already encountered the components of microbes, to which it has produced a certain amount of antibodies, and the second “date” with the same microorganisms causes a stronger response. In most children, the strongest reaction is observed precisely to the second DTP.

If the child missed the second DTP for any reason, then it should be given as soon as possible, as soon as possible. In this case, it will be considered the second, and not the first, since, even if the vaccination schedule is delayed and violated, there is no need to cross out everything done and start over.

If the child had a strong reaction to the first DPT vaccination, then it is better to give the second one with another vaccine with less reactogenicity - Infanrix, or administer only DPT. The main component of the DTP vaccine that causes reactions is the cells of the pertussis microbe, and diphtheria and tetanus toxins are easily tolerated. That is why, if there is a strong reaction to DPT, it is recommended to administer only DPT containing antitetanus and antidiphtheria components.

Third DTP

The third DTP vaccine is administered 30 to 45 days after the second. If the vaccine is not given at this time, then vaccination is carried out as soon as possible. In this case, the vaccination is considered to be the third one.

Some children react most strongly to the third rather than the second DTP vaccine. A strong reaction is not a pathology, as is the case with the second vaccination. If the previous two DTP injections were delivered with one vaccine, and for some reason it is impossible to obtain it for the third, but another drug is available, then it is better to get vaccinated rather than postpone it.

Where is the vaccination given?

The DTP vaccine preparation must be administered intramuscularly, since this is the method that ensures the release of the drug components at the required speed, which allows the formation of immunity. Injection under the skin can lead to a very long release of the drug, which will make the injection simply useless. That is why it is recommended to inject DTP into the child’s thigh, since the muscles on the leg are well developed even in the smallest. Older children or adults can have DPT in the shoulder if muscle layer it is well developed there.

The DTP vaccine should not be injected into the buttock, as there is a high risk of getting into a blood vessel or sciatic nerve. In addition, there is a fairly large layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue on the buttocks, and the needle may not reach the muscles, then the drug will be administered incorrectly, and the drug will not have the desired effect. In other words, DPT vaccination should not be done in the buttock. In addition, international studies have shown that the best production of antibodies by the body occurs when the vaccine is injected into the thigh. Based on all of the above data, the World Health Organization recommends administering the DPT vaccine into the thigh.

Contraindications Today there are general contraindications to DPT, such as:1. Any pathology in the acute period.
2.

Allergic reaction to vaccine components.

Immunodeficiency.

In this case, the child cannot be vaccinated in principle.

Subject to availability neurological symptoms or convulsions due to elevated temperature, children can be vaccinated with a vaccine that does not contain a pertussis component, that is, ADS. Children with leukemia, as well as pregnant and lactating women, are not vaccinated until recovery. Children receive a temporary medical exemption from vaccination due to an exacerbation of diathesis, for whom vaccination is carried out after achieving remission of the disease and normalization of the condition.

False contraindications for DPT vaccination are as follows:

• perinatal encephalopathy;
• prematurity;
• allergies in relatives;
• convulsions in relatives;
• severe reactions to the administration of DTP in relatives.

This means that if these factors are present, vaccinations can be carried out, but it is necessary to examine the child, obtain permission from a neurologist and use purified vaccines with minimal reactogenicity (for example, Infanrix).

Administration of the ADS vaccine is contraindicated only in people who have had an allergic or neurological reaction to this drug in the past.

Before DPT vaccination - preparation methods DTP vaccination has the maximum reactogenicity among all vaccines included in the national calendar. That is why, in addition to following the general rules, it is necessary to carry out drug preparation and support for DTP vaccination. TO general rules include:

• the child must be completely healthy at the time of vaccination;
• the child must be hungry;
• the baby has to poop;
• The child should not be dressed too hot.

The DTP vaccine must be administered against the background of the use of antipyretic, painkillers and antiallergic drugs. Children's antipyretics based on paracetamol and ibuprofen also have a moderate analgesic effect, which allows you to eliminate discomfort in the injection area. Keep analgin on hand that you can give to your child if there is severe pain.

Buy antipyretics in advance and keep them at home, on hand. Best to have different shapes releases, such as candles and syrups. If you give your child an antipyretic with paracetamol, but there is no effect, then try a drug with a different one. active substance(eg ibuprofen).

Antiallergic drugs will also help reduce the severity of post-vaccination reactions, which is especially important for children with this tendency.

In a generalized version, the following procedure for using medications as preparation for DPT vaccination is adopted:

• 1 – 2 days before vaccination, if you have diathesis or any allergies, give antihistamines in the usual dose (for example, Fenistil, Erius, etc.).
• On the day of vaccination after arriving home, immediately administer an antipyretic in suppositories to prevent a rise in temperature and swelling at the injection site, and also to calm the baby’s crying. Give antiallergic drugs at the same time. Measure your temperature throughout the day - if it rises, feel free to bring it down. Be sure to give an antipyretic before bed, and check for fever during the night. If the temperature rises, bring it down.
• First day after vaccination check the temperature - if it is elevated, give an antipyretic. Regardless of the temperature, give your child an antiallergic drug.
• Second day after vaccination– continue to give antiallergic and, if necessary, antipyretic. If the child’s temperature is not high, then you can not give an antipyretic.
• Third day after vaccination– the temperature should return to normal, stop taking the antiallergic drug.

The dosage of medications and the most optimal medications for your child must be selected together with the attending physician, taking into account all the individual qualities of the baby. It’s better to do this in advance and stock up on the necessary medications. After the DTP vaccination - what to do? Immediately after you’ve received the DPT vaccine, it’s best to go outside and walk near the clinic for half an hour to be within reach medical institution if a severe allergic reaction begins to develop.

Then you can go home. If the child is active, feels well, and there is no fever, you can take a walk in the fresh air, but not in a large company of children. You can even walk home from the clinic if possible.

Upon arrival home, immediately give your child an antipyretic, do not wait for the temperature to rise. It is necessary to check your child's temperature throughout the day. If it appears, then knock it down, since scientists and doctors do not believe that hyperthermia helps the development of immunity - on the contrary, it only causes inconvenience and discomfort to the child. Before going to bed, you need to put candles with antipyretic, regardless of the presence of hyperthermia.

Try not to feed your baby too much as this will make his condition worse. The opposite situation with drinking: give liquid without restriction - the more, the better. Do not feed your child any new or exotic foods - only old and proven foods. Also, you should not give your child juices, especially concentrated ones - it’s better to just warm water, weak tea, chamomile infusion, etc. Maintain the air temperature in the child’s room no higher than 22oC, and the humidity within 50 – 70%.

If the child feels well, do not keep him at home, try to go for walks more. However, limit the number of contacts with people, do not be on playgrounds, do not visit or invite people over.

Reaction to the vaccine - side effects

Post-vaccination reactions or side effects occur quite often, in almost 30% of children, but these manifestations are not pathology or symptoms serious illness. Regarding the DPT vaccine, the most common side effects occur after the third and fourth administration of the drug. It is necessary to distinguish between complications and side effects, since the former are a pathology, and the latter are not. The main difference between side effects and complications is that they pass without a trace, leaving no health problems.

The DTP vaccine may cause local and systemic side effects. Local symptoms include the following:1. Redness, swelling, induration and tenderness at the injection site.

Impaired walking due to pain at the injection site - the child, as a rule, cries, “protects” his leg, does not allow him to touch the sore spot, etc.

Common symptoms of side effects of the DPT vaccine include the following:

• increase in temperature;
• anxiety;
• moodiness;
• lethargy, prolonged sleep during the day or night;
• vomit;
• diarrhea;
• appetite disorder.

All side effects of the DTP vaccine appear within the first 24 hours after administration of the drug. If a child develops an appetite disorder, diarrhea, fever or snot two to three days after vaccination, then these phenomena are not caused by the vaccine, but by some kind of infection, which simply coincided with the medical procedure in terms of the time of infection. Unfortunately, the vaccination process in our country is not very well organized, so the situation is quite typical when healthy child After being in the corridors of the clinic, you will definitely “catch” an acute respiratory infection or diarrhea, which is in no way related to the vaccine. Therefore, if a child develops any symptoms a few days after vaccination, it is necessary to consult a doctor and find out the cause of the baby’s health disorder.

Sometimes the side effects can be severe, but since they are reversible and do not harm the baby's health, they should not be mistaken for complications. If your child develops a severe reaction to DTP, be sure to notify your doctor and include all the information in your medical records. A reaction to DTP is considered severe when the following symptoms develop:

1. Persistent crying for more than 3 hours in a row. 2. Temperature above 39.0oC.
3.

Swelling of more than 8 cm at the injection site.

In this case, the baby's crying is caused by strong painful sensations, which can be reduced by giving ibuprofen and analgin.

In principle, the relief of symptoms of side effects of any severity is carried out with the same drugs, so the procedure for adults is the same as for ordinary reactions to DPT. If the child's condition results from measures taken does not improve, you should consult a doctor. And to prevent severe side effects effects of DTP It is possible with proper medicinal preparation for vaccination, which can significantly reduce the risk of the formation of these negative phenomena.

Cough, fever, lump, redness, lump and pain after
DPT vaccinations Temperature after DTP.

This phenomenon is considered normal reaction body for vaccine administration. However, fever does not help the formation of immunity against infections, so when it appears, give your child an antipyretic. Some doctors recommend not lowering the temperature if it is not higher than 38.0

C, since in this situation there is no risk of the child developing seizures. However, the World Health Organization recommends that any fever caused by the vaccine should be controlled.

Seal and bump after DTP. A lump at the injection site may form and resolve within 2 weeks after vaccination. This reaction is normal, since there is a process of local inflammation at the injection site, which decreases as the vaccine is absorbed. To reduce compaction and speed up resorption, you can lubricate the injection site with Troxevasin ointment.

A bump after DTP can form when the vaccine gets into the subcutaneous fatty tissue rather than into the muscle. There are much fewer vessels in the fatty layer, the rate of absorption of the vaccine is also sharply reduced, and as a result, a lump that does not go away for a long time is formed. You can try Troxevasin or Aescusan ointments to increase blood circulation and speed up the absorption of the drug, which will lead to the resorption of the lump. A lump can also form if the vaccine was administered without aseptic technique? and dirt got into the injection site. In this case, the lump is an inflammatory process; pus forms inside it, which must be released and the wound treated.

Redness after DPT. This is also normal, since a mild inflammatory reaction develops at the injection site, which is always characterized by the formation of redness. If the child is no longer bothered, do not take any action. As the drug dissolves, the inflammation will go away on its own, and the redness will also go away.

It hurts after DTP.

Pain at the injection site is also caused by inflammatory reaction, which can be expressed stronger or weaker, depending on individual characteristics child. You should not force your baby to endure pain, give him analgin, apply ice to the injection site. If the pain does not go away for a long time, consult a doctor.

Cough after DPT. Some children may develop a cough within 24 hours in response to the DPT vaccine if they have chronic respiratory diseases. This is due to the body’s reaction to the pertussis component. However this state does not require special treatment and goes away on its own within a few days. If a cough develops a day or several days after vaccination, then a typical situation occurs when a healthy child “caught” some kind of infection in the clinic.

Complications

Vaccine complications include severe health problems that require treatment and may have adverse consequences. So, DTP vaccination can cause the following complications:

• severe allergies (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema, etc.);
• background seizures normal temperature;
• encephalitis;
• encephalopathy (neurological symptoms);

To date, the incidence of these complications is extremely low - from 1 to 3 cases per 100,000 vaccinated children.

Currently, the connection between the development of encephalopathies and DTP vaccination is not considered scientifically proven, since it was not possible to identify any specific properties of vaccines that can cause such phenomena. Experiments on animals also did not reveal a connection between DPT vaccination and the development of neurological disorders. Scientists and vaccinologists believe that DPT is a kind of provocation, during which an increase in temperature simply leads to the obvious manifestation of hitherto hidden disorders.

The development of short-term encephalopathy in children after DPT vaccination is caused by the pertussis component, which has a strong irritating effect on the membranes of the brain. However, the presence of convulsions against a background of normal temperature, twitching, nodding or disturbances of consciousness is a contraindication to further administration of the DTP vaccine.

Children's diseases are usually called measles, diphtheria, chickenpox and most diseases for which vaccinations are given. In fact, they are not children's at all - nothing changes with age.

It's just that all these diseases are easy to catch. Before mass vaccination, people became infected as soon as they encountered pathogens. This happened in early age, and then the sick either died or acquired active immunity, which protected them. So it seemed that only children were sick.

Now there is no need to risk your life for the sake of immunity - there is. But if you haven’t had them done or have had them done for too long, you are at risk.

Currently, no one will warn a person about the timing of immunization: you need to find out for yourself right time and age of revaccination.

Olga Vladimirovna Shirai, epidemiologist, head of the epidemiological department of St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution "Elizabeth Hospital"

Many adults do not revaccinate, but still do not get sick thanks to their immunity. Some people have it after an illness, some after a vaccination (even if everyone has forgotten about it), others are protected by collective immunity - epidemics simply have nowhere to roam if the majority are vaccinated. Revaccination is needed to avoid getting sick and not to provoke epidemics.

How can I find out what vaccinations I have had?

In theory, all vaccinations are recorded on a card or vaccination certificate, and cards with data travel with the person from clinic to clinic.

In practice there is none of this. Even if you have been attached to the same clinic all your life, your registration has not changed, all this data can easily be lost. For everyone else, this is a “I remember - I don’t remember” quest. Most likely you don't remember.

If this is so, then there is a guideline for those born in Russia - the national vaccination calendar. If there is a vaccine in it, you may have received it. Then you most likely need a revaccination, because not all vaccinations last a lifetime. If vaccination is not on the national calendar, then you need to get it anyway.

What tests will show that there were vaccinations?

If a person has ever been vaccinated, he has antibodies to this disease. These are proteins that attack bacteria or viruses that have entered the body. They are designated as IgG. - immunoglobulins type G.

Conduct a blood test for the presence of antibodies to viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus, polio (in relation to three types virus), measles, rubella, mumps, whooping cough. To do this, a RPGA reaction is carried out with the appropriate diagnosticum (diphtheria, tetanus, measles, mumps) or ELISA (whooping cough, hepatitis, rubella).

Olga Shirai

For immunity to work, a certain titer is needed - the amount of these same immunoglobulins. If the titer is low, you need to get vaccinated. The indicators for all vaccinations are different; this is discussed with the doctor separately.

But even if you get vaccinated against a disease to which you already have immunity, nothing special will happen - the agents introduced with the vaccine will be destroyed.

What vaccines can you get vaccinated with?

When it comes to vaccines, the rule of thumb is “the newer the better,” because researchers are constantly working on improvements. New vaccines are well tolerated and often protect against several diseases at once.

Even if you were vaccinated with old vaccines as a child, you can safely revaccinate with new ones - there will be no conflict.

We have listed the vaccines that are approved for use in Russia Vaccines of the national vaccination calendar.. To learn more about them, you need to read the instructions and study the contraindications. Some vaccines are not available in clinics, while others are simply difficult to find.

How to get vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Women who have not had chickenpox and are planning a pregnancy should also be vaccinated against this disease, since infection during pregnancy (especially in the early stages) can lead to the development of defects in the fetus and even miscarriage.

Olga Shirai

The chickenpox vaccination can also be done to prevent the disease if there has been contact with a sick person. WHO considers this measure effective if vaccination is carried out no later than 72 hours after contact healthy person with the patient.

Vaccine:"Varilrix."

How to get vaccinated against polio?

Polio viruses have terrible complications: one out of 200 people who recover from the disease suffers complications in the form of paralysis. You need to get vaccinated if you have no immunity and you are going to a country where the disease is common.

The vaccination is done in three stages. It is better to use an inactivated vaccine - the one that comes in injections, it is much safer than drops in the mouth.

Vaccines:"Pentaxim", "Imovax Polio", "Poliorix", "Tetraxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against hemophilus influenzae infection?

Haemophilus influenzae infection causes severe forms meningitis, pneumonia, sometimes leads to sepsis. The infection does not respond well to antibiotics.

Among children, only those who are at risk due to health conditions are vaccinated. This also applies to adults: the elderly, people in contact with sick people, and people with chronic diseases are vaccinated.

Vaccines:"Act-HIB", "Hiberix Pentaxim", "Infanrix Hexa".

How to get vaccinated against papillomavirus?

Some types of papillomavirus (HPV) pose a risk to women's health, causing cervical cancer, genital warts and some other diseases.

Vaccination is recommended for girls and women aged 9 to 26 years, preferably before the onset of sexual activity (because with its onset the risk of becoming infected from a partner increases sharply). The vaccination can also be done at a later age, up to 45 years.

Olga Shirai

Men can also get this vaccine so as not to tease the virus, cancer-causing(not only the cervix, but also other organs), and not suffer from condylomas. The vaccination is done in three stages according to the instructions.

Vaccines:"Gardasil", "Cervarix".

How to get vaccinated against pneumococcus?

Adults are vaccinated upon request. Pneumococcal infection, as a rule, joins other diseases and is a complication. It causes meningitis otitis media, sinusitis, .

• adults over 65 years old;
• people who frequently come into contact with possible carriers of infection;
• employees of preschools, schools, boarding homes;
• those who have chronic respiratory diseases, liver diseases, diabetes mellitus;
• people suffering from immunodeficiencies;
• patients who have an increased risk of meningitis (after traumatic brain injury, neurosurgical interventions on the spine).

Vaccines:"Pneumo-23", "Prevenar 13".

How to get vaccinated against meningococcus?

Meningococcus causes meningitis, but in a special way. This is always a rapid infection, potentially fatal. Every case of illness is an emergency.

In Russia, vaccination is carried out if there is an outbreak of the disease, as well as among those who are subject to conscription. military service, and those who travel to Africa and Asia.

Modern vaccines protect against several subtypes of the disease at once. One vaccination in adulthood is sufficient.

Vaccines:"Menactra", "Mencevax ACWY".

What other vaccinations should I get?

In addition to those listed, there are also vaccinations for epidemic indications. They are done if an epidemic has started somewhere or if a person often encounters rare diseases at work. This is a matter for specialists, but there are several vaccinations that are worth getting without waiting for epidemics.

• Tick-borne encephalitis. We have already written about who, how and when to get vaccinated against ticks (start dealing with the issue in February in order to have time to do full course and develop immunity before the ticks wake up).
• Flu. We also already talk about the flu vaccine in detail. Read everything you want to know. Vaccination - best protection from the flu. It is worth getting vaccinated before mid-October to meet the epidemic head-on.
• Vaccinations for travelers. If you are going to a country where there are frequent outbreaks of infections, you should get vaccinated before traveling. Usually this is hepatitis A (you can get vaccinated against it just for prevention), yellow fever. It all depends on the country you decide to go to.

What to do right now?

To ensure you don't get sick:

1. Go to your local clinic and ask your therapist what vaccines are on your card.
2. Get tested for antibodies to those diseases for which this is required.
3. Find out if the clinic has vaccines and their names.
4. Find a private medical center, who has a license to conduct vaccinations.
5. Find out which pharmacies sell vaccines.
6. Set up a vaccination schedule with your doctor. Several vaccines can be administered at the same time; it is not necessary to take breaks between different drugs. It all depends on the instructions for each specific vaccine.
7. Get your vaccinations on this schedule.
8. Don't get sick.

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Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar is one of the most comprehensive in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are given in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.

Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.

What laws govern childhood vaccinations?

There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
2. “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
3. Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:

• Viral hepatitis;
• Tuberculosis;
• Whooping cough;
• Diphtheria;
• Tetanus;
• Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• Polio;
• Measles;
• Rubella;
• Mumps.

In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding outbreaks of infection is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age

Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine	Notes
1 day(newborn)	— First vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis.
3-7 days(newborn)	— Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG-M	Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity; it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity, the BCG vaccination is repeated.
Baby at 1 month	— Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech
Baby at 2 months		Engerix V, Combiotech	It is given only to children at risk.
Baby at 3 months	— First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim	Each vaccination has its own vaccine, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use the combined Pentaxim vaccine.
	— First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— First polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 4.5 months	— Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim
	— Second vaccination against hemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Second polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 6 months	— Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok	Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with a vaccine against hepatitis, if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine.
	— Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Third polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
	— Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok
Baby at 12 months	— Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	— Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	Only for children at risk.

The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.

About vaccines

Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.

1. Hepatitis vaccine. It contains individual proteins of the hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
2. Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. They do not cause disease in humans, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop stable immunity, the tuberculosis bacillus must be in the body constantly.
3. Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
4. Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. A live vaccine is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and can cause a mild form of polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine is given first and the second shot is given live.
5. Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.

How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know

Parents are most frightened by the possible consequences of vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:

• Anaphylactic shock;
• Severe allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
• Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
• Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
• Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination;
• Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.

The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

Basic rules

1. The vaccination schedule is the recommended vaccination schedule for your baby. It can be changed if there are reasons to delay or even cancel vaccination. The reason for temporary medical withdrawal may be:

• Malaise, cold, fever;
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• Recent blood transfusion;
• Prematurity.

In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indications for complete cancellation of vaccination are:

• Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
• Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know! — .

3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. This is usually done if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or do a complex vaccination.

Note to moms!

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4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.

5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence is an increase in temperature. Read about how to control the reaction of a child’s body and what to do if the temperature rises here (link).

Important:

How to refuse vaccination

Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:

Statement:

I, (full name), living at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations (including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, hemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.

This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:

1) Art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;

2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;

3) art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in the Russian Federation” of June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.

I ask you to ensure that medical documentation for my child is completed unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.

If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.

Each family decides the issue of vaccinations in its own way: to give it or not, buy your own vaccines or trust the doctors from the clinic. The most important thing is that the children are healthy.

Vaccination calendar – School of Dr. Komarovsky

On guard of health. Vaccine prevention. National calendar of preventive vaccinations