Abdominal obesity in women and men: treatment, diet. Lipedema - origin, symptoms and treatment of morbid obesity of the legs

Abdominal obesity provokes ischemic heart pathologies.

This type obesity is associated with the development of metabolic processes in the body. Problems with the reproductive system are only a small part of the complications.

What is abdominal obesity

Abdominal obesity syndrome in medicine refers to excessive accumulation of fat deposits in the abdomen and upper half of the torso. This type of obesity is characterized by an apple-shaped silhouette.

The pathological state of health with the development of abdominal obesity often worsens so much that it can be life-threatening.

Oncological diseases affect such patients 15 times more often. Cases of cardiac ischemia increase 35 times, and the number of strokes increases 56 times.

This type of obesity is accompanied by disruption of the functioning of almost all internal organs due to the fact that they are completely surrounded by fat. More fat accumulates in the intestines.

The anterior wall of the peritoneum is often completely formed abdominal fat. At normal indicators visceral fat does not exceed 3-3.5 kg. In a person suffering from pathology, this figure increases tenfold.

If a person’s weight does not exceed the optimal weight shown, fat simply envelops the internal organs, and they function without failure. For obesity, body fat so significant that they literally squeeze organs, paralyzing their work.


Patients with this type of obesity find it difficult to exercise. After all, there is a violation of blood circulation and lymphatic outflow.

The heart is required to overcome the most difficult loads, the lungs function in extreme conditions. The main risk group is men. However, despite the statistics, cases of obesity of this type in women are not uncommon.

Experts have proven that losing weight even by 5-10 percent improves metabolism. If new weight held a long period, then fat and carbohydrate metabolism accelerates.

Causes and characteristics of pathology in women

This pathology requires immediate correction, as it is very dangerous for women’s health. Deposits in the abdominal area, which are characteristic of abdominal obesity, negatively affect primarily reproductive organs and on the functioning of the urinary system.

Male type obesity, as doctors call it, develops as a result sharp decline serotonin levels. This hormone in a woman’s body performs a function that regulates mental state.

Low serotonin concentration causes depressive states And mental disorders, which are significantly capable of changing eating habits.

Uncontrolled weight gain causes, first of all, eating stressful situations junk food. Disturbances in the functioning of the hypothalamus, the food center responsible for satiation, are considered by doctors to be one of the main causes of obesity.

This pathology differs in that the patient experiences constant feeling hunger, even with periodic meals. In such a situation, overeating is simply inevitable.

Deviations in eating habits provoked by psychological factors often turn into life-threatening habits.

Genetic predisposition to excess weight one of the most complex and poorly controlled causes of abdominal obesity in the fair sex.

Most often, the impetus for obesity in this situation is pregnancy and childbirth.

Against the backdrop of hormonal changes and a difficult daily routine, young mothers accumulate extra centimeters at the waist, which subsequently remain on the waist. long years, or even forever.

Fatty deposits accumulate gradually, squeezing internal organs. Problems with blood pressure arise, diabetes mellitus and problems in the functioning of the heart and reproductive organs develop.

Nuances and development factors in men

Doctors diagnose abdominal obesity in men when the abdominal volume exceeds 102 cm.

Such obesity poses a threat not only to the health, but also to the life of a man. It is important to know that due to the accumulation of fat under the skin, metabolic disorders begin in the peritoneal area.

Which in turn provokes the development of complex diabetes mellitus. A drooping belly indicates an excess of intra-abdominal fat located between the internal organs and the torso itself.

Metabolic syndrome causes vascular atherosclerosis. Blood pressure rises. Patients complain of sexual impotence.

Heart function deteriorates. A man complains of increased fatigue and drowsiness. The main cause of this type of obesity is overeating.

Uncontrolled consumption of high-calorie foods, which many men also wash down with beer, leads to a pathological process.

Heredity also plays an important role in provoking factors. If a boy’s parents or close relatives suffer from obesity, a similar situation is possible for him.

Some doctors draw an analogy between obesity and difficult-to-treat habits such as alcoholism and drug addiction. And if women are much more willing to get rid of extra pounds, then there are only a few men among those who want to lose weight.

Metabolic processes have a chronic course, which can only be corrected by drastic methods of restoring the most rational diet and physical activity.

Effective drug treatment

Drug therapy for the treatment of obesity is represented by drugs that reduce appetite and improve the breakdown of fat deposits. In addition, it is important that they help speed up metabolism.

Drug treatment is necessary if a set of other weight loss measures does not have the desired effect.

Weight control drugs in some cases have a stimulating effect on the nervous system and cannot be taken for a long period of time.

The most popular medications can be represented by the following list:

1. Orlistat helps suppress lipase, a pancreatic enzyme, thereby reducing the absorption of fat in the intestines.
2. Sibutramine and its analogues belong to the group of antidepressants and at the same time reduce appetite.
3. Rimonabant (Acomplia) is an innovative drug in a series of antagonists that suppress appetite and promote rapid loss of excess fat.
4. Metformin is indicated in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
5. Exenatide Byeta creates the effect of satiety, applied twice a day. Indicated for elimination subcutaneous fat for diabetes.
6. Pramlintide (Symlin) is recommended to create a feeling of fullness and delay gastric emptying. It is used as insulin for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

It is important to know that if one drug is ineffective, it is important to replace it with another. Possible adverse reactions require careful study of the recommendations and use only as directed by your doctor.

Video

Features of the treatment of obesity in the stronger sex

In the treatment of abdominal obesity in a man, it is important, first of all, to completely change his lifestyle. Then important A complex approach and thorough diagnosis. In cases of fourth degree obesity, surgical intervention is indicated.

It is required to significantly reduce the amount of food consumed. Products in mandatory should include fiber, vitamins and minerals.

It is important to consume foods containing fats and carbohydrates to a minimum.

According to statistics, bad habits contribute to the worsening of the disease. Most men are unable to give up alcohol and smoking. Doctors insist that they should be kept to a minimum.

Alcohol, for example, contains a large amount of harmful substances that inhibit weight loss and cause deterioration in well-being.

Overdose alcoholic drinks dehydrates the body, which is absolutely unacceptable for abdominal obesity.

Full walks on the river will help to activate your metabolism. fresh air. The room in which it is located sleeping area, must be regularly ventilated, regardless of weather conditions.

In the treatment of male obesity it is necessary physical exercise moderate in nature. The dosage of classes should be planned by the attending physician. It is important for the patient to maintain a sleep schedule.


Optimal rest helps bring everything back to normal metabolic processes and restore mental health. It won't be nervous overstrain and stress, then you won’t have to eat them.

How to get rid of the female problem

An increased risk group consists of women whose waist circumference exceeds 80 cm. With a waist circumference of more than 88 cm, there is a high risk of developing complex diseases.

Such indicators are a tangible reason to begin an immediate fight against overweight. If the hypothalamus malfunctions, the recommendations of a psychotherapist are important.

No diet will help restore normal weight, if a person is struggling with this alone. Constant monitoring of nutrition and moderate physical activity will help improve the functioning of vital organs in the first weeks.

You can bring your body back to normal if you quickly replenish the missing concentration of serotonin.

The easiest way out is to introduce certain foods into your diet:

• oranges;
• strawberry;
• dates;
• figs;
• apples;
• bananas;
• dried fruits;
• hard cheeses;
• curd products;
• tomatoes;
• seaweed;
• bran.

It is important to take into account that for women with waist sizes exceeding 90 cm, such a method naturally cannot be used. In such situations, urgent correction is necessary under the strict supervision of specialists.

Sounding the alarm and simply changing your eating habits is not enough.

Need to go full examination from specialists. An ultrasound of internal organs is required.

It is important to identify the dynamics of changes in pressure and heart rhythms. After all, losing weight too quickly can increase the load on the body and, as a rule, sudden and sometimes irreversible consequences occur.

Treatment of abdominal obesity in women should be comprehensive and gradual.

Proper healing diet

Fundamental approaches to diet therapy are based on a fairly high level and are supported by all nutritionists in the world. The daily calorie content of food consumed should not exceed 1500-2000 kcal.

It is advisable to replace fats and carbohydrates with fiber and other useful material. The diet recommends a protein intake of at least 400 kcal.

There is a lot of it in lean meats, fish, cottage cheese, non-fish seafood and eggs. This creates a feeling of fullness, and the body spends more energy on digesting such foods.

Eating fermented milk products is beneficial. Sugar should be limited confectionery, sweet drinks. At high blood pressure It is important to consume no more than 6-8 g of salt.

Alcoholic drinks provoke uncontrolled consumption of food, so when losing weight it is important to categorically refuse them.

Sample menu for the week

For proper and quick weight loss, you should not eat after 18.00. The fundamental principle should be that the heartiest meal should be for breakfast. Dinner should be the lightest.

1. First day.
   Breakfast: vegetable juice, zucchini pancakes, tea with milk.
   Lunch: vegetable soup, baked pink salmon, asparagus and green pea salad, blueberry compote.
   Dinner: chicken kebab, pepper, tomato and carrot salad, green tea.
2. Second day.
   Breakfast: apricot juice, rice with boiled fish, sliced ​​vegetables, cocoa.
   Lunch: broccoli soup, baked veal, boiled vegetable salad, fruit compote.
   Dinner: moussaka, green tea, kefir.
3. The third day.
   Breakfast: vegetable juice, pollock cutlets, cucumber, chamomile tea.
   Lunch: pea soup, peppers stuffed with beef and rice, pear compote.
   Dinner: omelet, salad, green tea with lemon.
4. Fourth day.
   Breakfast: juice, boiled beef tongue, vinaigrette, coffee without sugar.
   Lunch: cabbage soup, minced meat and broccoli casserole, seaweed salad, dried fruit compote.
   Dinner: cottage cheese, cucumber and tomato salad, rosehip tea, apple.
5. Fifth day.
   Breakfast: fresh fruit, krupenik, pear, coffee latte.
   Lunch: cereal soup, stuffed eggplants, sliced ​​vegetables, compote.
   Dinner: fish fillet aspic, green peas, tea, yogurt.
6. Sixth day.
   Breakfast: juice, potato casserole, beet salad, cocoa.
   Lunch: kohlrabi soup, stewed herring, baked zucchini, dried apricot compote.
   Dinner: baked rabbit, salad with Chinese cabbage, herbal tea, grapes.
7. Seventh day.
   Breakfast: carrot juice, omelette with mushrooms, tea with lemon, peach.
   Lunch: green cabbage soup, beef dolma, salad with radishes, compote.
   Dinner: curd pudding, carrot salad with garlic, orange, green tea.

For second breakfast or afternoon snack, you can use fruits, yoghurts, and low-fat fermented milk products as snacks.

Possible complications of pathology

Complications caused by obesity can appear at any stage of the pathology.


Experts have combined the most common of them into one list:

• diseases of the stomach and intestines;
• gallbladder pathology;
• disorders of the kidneys;
• pancreatitis;
• arterial hypertension varying degrees heaviness;
• type 2 diabetes mellitus;
• ischemic disorders, including stroke;

The causes in women are associated with genetic predisposition, hormonal imbalance in the body, proper diet and an insufficiently active lifestyle. Let's look at each reason in detail. Let's analyze the consequences of obesity in women and how to get rid of extra pounds without harming yourself.

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A woman's genetic predisposition to obesity is a common cause. Genes are responsible for appetite and metabolism in the body, for the breakdown of fats and their distribution.

But an important role here is played by the culture of food education, family lifestyle, and food preferences. If the family eats constantly, mother makes cheesecakes every day, then it is difficult for the growing generation to form a different view of food culture.

Hormonal changes

In fact, a woman is exposed to hormonal imbalances very often: teenage changes during puberty, changes during pregnancy, climacteric syndrome. In addition, after thirty years a woman by nature loses muscle mass and therefore she needs less calorie consumption, and on the contrary, a lot of high-calorie food comes into her diet. Stress also plays a significant role in obesity. A woman “seizes” on her problems at work or family troubles. Stress itself causes hormonal disbalance

in the body, and if you also lean on food, then obesity will definitely occur!

In order to give birth on time, and not ahead of time, production occurs large quantity female hormone– progesterone. A baby in the womb requires twice the normal caloric intake. You need to eat for two during pregnancy. When a child is born, the mother’s body experiences enormous stress, which also leads to disruption at the hormonal level. IN postpartum period lactation begins, this factor does not allow choosing a diet for a woman. It takes a long time to regain weight, and some will even have to resort to treatment for the disease.

TO hormonal shift cite how contraception such as antidepressants, diseases of the pituitary gland, neoplasms of the pancreas, diseases of the thyroid gland and tumors of the ovaries and adrenal glands.

Menopause also leads to varying degrees of obesity. At this time, the endocrine system suffers, and in old age a woman has a lot of concomitant diseases. As the body wears out, it undergoes a huge load on the cardiovascular and muscular systems, metabolism suffers, which leads to disruption of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, older people move very little.

Types of obesity and their consequences

What does obesity lead to? Different ones lead to different health problems.

Abdominal

Most often, women suffer from abdominal problems, i.e. abdominal obesity. Fats are deposited in the abdominal area and peritoneum. This type is not difficult to determine. In the photo, people with abdominal obesity have a figure that looks like. Here only the shape of the abdomen suffers; the rest of the body is normal at this stage.

The abdominal type of fat deposition is dangerous because it leads to diabetes, pregnancy is impossible for a woman, and hence infertility.

Abdominal obesity in women can develop into– when fatty deposits appear on and around internal organs. Fat begins to localize between the fibers of the heart muscle.

Visceral obesity is seen as a threat. We cannot tell about this stage of obesity from a photo of such a person; it can be determined by taking a test and undergoing diagnostics. Changes occur inside the body of cardio-vascular system, blood sugar rises, the heart suffers. People who are sick with this type of obesity cannot fully move, and walking long distances causes them inconvenience, causing shortness of breath and tachycardia. If obesity reaches a woman’s uterus, then you can forget about sex life. All these reasons lead to problems with conception, pregnancy will not be possible, there will be infertility, treatment will take a long time.

Obesity legs

Obesity of the legs (gynoid type) is obesity (lipodystrophy) and is classified as endocrine. With this disease, fat accumulates only on the abdomen, thighs and leg structure.

The figure of such people resembles a pear. It causes complications both from the cardiovascular system and skeletal system– osteoporosis, osteoarthrosis.

Sufferers of this type complain of leg diseases and the inability to move. Sometimes the fat grows to such an extent that a person cannot lift his legs without assistance. Reproductive function also suffers - pregnancy cannot occur.

Male type

There is also android obesity- this is when fats are deposited according to the male type. In the photo, this degree can be determined by damage to such parts of the body as the upper abdomen and chest. The shape of the legs and hips remains normal, but the waist does not.

Mixed

Mixed type, when fats are distributed throughout a woman’s body. Characteristic signs of change in this type of disease can be determined visually. The figure in the photo of such a person will be covered with fat deposits evenly everywhere. The shape of the abdomen, the shape of the legs, arms, back, etc. suffer.

Obesity of any type causes irreversible consequences such as diabetes, infertility, colon and small intestine cancer.

Obesity causes menstrual irregularities - amenorrhea, which leads to the fact that a woman cannot become pregnant. Infertility in obese women is 33%, compared with 18% infertility in women of normal weight.

Stages of treatment

If a woman is obese, she is prescribed diagnosis and treatment. To determine the degree of obesity, calculate (BMI), body obesity index (BII), types of obesity.

Analyzes

Be sure to spend laboratory test, get tested. The doctor will order blood tests for sugar and cholesterol levels.

Be sure to prescribe tests for thyroid hormones - triiodothyronine and thyrotropin. It is also important to test the blood for prolactin; perhaps a woman’s infertility lies in the deviation of this hormone from the norm.

Abdominal obesity can occur when the male hormone called testosterone is low, so testing for its presence and blood levels will be helpful. Depending on the test results and the degree of the disease, the doctor prescribes treatment.

Diet, exercise

For all types of obesity prescribe special diets, sports exercises aimed at the entire body as a whole and at problem areas, for example, the abdomen. Drug treatment must be prescribed.

For hormonal obesity if there are testosterone deviations from the norm, a diet is prescribed where the restriction will be included. If these are the degrees of obesity at which disorders occur endocrine system, then a diet will be prescribed with sugar restriction.

A daily routine of active sports, a swimming pool and daily walks will become an obligatory part of the life of an obese patient.

In case of obesity due to a genetic factor They also select a diet, the Doctor will definitely tell you about the correct culture of nutrition, prescribe exercise, and prescribe the woman medications that reduce the feeling of hunger. Although it is very difficult to fight genetic obesity, since the factor of abnormal life activity, instilled from childhood, is added.

In order not to bring the disease to a more severe degree, a woman can change her diet in a positive direction for her health.

Try to replace high-calorie foods with healthy vegetables and fruits. Replace large portions of food with small ones. You may not be able to lose weight to your desired weight, but stopping fat growth is quite possible. This way, many complications will be avoided.

Drugs Drug treatment: they are prescribed to either reduce the hormone or increase it. Depending on the level, its balance is restored. To treat female obesity, which is caused by poor nutrition and lack of exercise, therapy is used, as for genetic obesity. Except drug treatment

a nutritionist can refer a woman to a psychologist, as this is an integral part of therapy.

Consultation with a psychologist

Mostly women start because of a poor psychological microclimate, which is facilitated by loneliness or separation from their spouse. In these cases, food for a woman serves as a substitute for joyful emotions. A diet prescribed by a doctor can cause even more stress for a woman, so the problem of obesity must also be solved on a psychological level. In cases where neither medications, nor sports, nor diets help, for obesity of 3 and 4 degrees, use surgical method

treatment.

Liposuction, where fat accumulated under the skin is removed. Gastric banding, when a band is inserted into the stomach, thereby changing its shape. After surgical intervention a woman will definitely need a period of rehabilitation, which will be aimed at maintaining psychological and emotional background women, as well as establishing the right nutritional culture and lifestyle.

The female body is more likely than the male body to accumulate subcutaneous fat, in modern medicine there is even such a thing as abdominal obesity of one degree. With this pathology, the belly of a representative of the fairer sex grows, and this abnormal process is in no way related to the progressing pregnancy. Studying everything in detail existing types obesity in women, it becomes clear that excess weight leads to health problems.

What is obesity in women

In abdominal obesity, the concentration predominates internal fat, which is officially called visceral. Its formation poses a serious threat to everyone abdominal organs, since their usual work becomes noticeably more complicated. Chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract gradually develop, and a violation is possible hormonal levels. Thus, once healthy cells of internal organs degenerate into adipose tissue. Therefore, female obesity is not only an aesthetic defect.

Causes of obesity in women

This health problem can occur at any age, and together with the genetic factor, it predominates even in children and adolescents. So that the result therapeutic diet and other therapeutic interventions has proven to be productive, it is important to find out the etiology pathological process, eliminate the main provoking factors. The reasons why fat deposition is observed in the peritoneal organs are presented below:

• long-term stress;
• excess fatty foods in the diet;
• overeating of a psychogenic nature;
• physical inactivity;
• hormonal therapy.

Types of obesity

Fat metabolism is more often disrupted in women, and this problem may not be related to pregnancy. There are several types of obesity, and each of them indicates predominant problems with women's health. The classification by female type is presented below:

1. Abdominal obesity in women. The most common type with pathological weight gain in the abdomen.
2. Obesity of the legs. Provoked endocrine diseases, excess weight is localized in lower limbs.
3. Android. Male-type obesity in women, when fat accumulates in the upper abdomen and chest.
4. Mixed. The woman’s figure is evenly covered with fat; problem areas are not visually visible.

Stages

If a woman’s health problem already exists, its treatment depends entirely on the degree of progression of the pathological process. For example, on early stage surgery is not required, and in case of the fourth degree it cannot be avoided. So:

• 1st degree. Exceeding the norm by 30%;
• 2nd degree. Exceeding 30 – 50%;
• 3rd degree. Exceeding 50 – 100%;
• 4th degree. Exceeding the norm by 100%.

The dangers of obesity for women

You can increase physical activity, but you will not achieve the desired result. Nutritional obesity is often preceded by internal diseases rather than a passive lifestyle. The health problem has a hereditary predisposition and often progresses with pathologies of the endocrine glands. If you don’t take a closer look at the constantly increased appetite, the following cannot be ruled out: clinical pictures:

• disorders of the central nervous system;
• risk of diagnosed infertility;
• development of type 2 diabetes mellitus;
• general blood intoxication;
• heart failure;
• decreased potency;
• hormonal imbalance with menstrual irregularities;
• salt deposits in joints;
• arterial hypertension;
• stroke;
• liver-related pathologies;
• myocardial infarction.

Treatment

Abdominal obesity requires timely correction using medicinal methods. The approach to a health problem is comprehensive, including patient motivation, adherence to a therapeutic diet, increasing physical activity, additional reception medicines. Here are valuable recommendations from competent specialists:

1. On a diet, it is important to give up sweets, flour, fast food and smoked foods, and reduce the consumption of salt and spices.
2. Among effective physical activities, it is recommended to choose cardio and fat-burning complexes.
3. Doctors advise that if you are overweight, spend more time outdoors and take walks.
4. With visual completeness Special attention Pay attention to the body mass index, and control your diet as you become obese.
5. Take tablets only on the recommendation of your doctor; it is important to exclude superficial self-medication.

Drug treatment

If there is no waist, and the figure has an “apple” type, conservative treatment medications are not prescribed immediately. For obesity, it is appropriate to use medications if within 3 months positive dynamics Not drug therapy completely absent. It is important to note the benefits of the following pharmacological groups and their representatives:

• hormonal drugs(to restore the concentration of sex hormones): Fepranon, Mirapront, Desopimon;
• Dietary supplements (based on sibutramine): Reduxin, Goldline, Meridia, Lindaxa;
• Dietary supplements (based on orlistat): Orlistat, Xenical.

If the gynoid type of obesity predominates, doctors recommend taking the following medications full course:

1. Fepranon. The drug has a psychostimulating effect, improves metabolism and helps reduce body weight in obesity. A single dosage is 1 tablet, the frequency of administration is up to three times a day for 1 to 6 weeks.
2. Mirapront. Medical drug restores sexual function, recommended for obesity with internal hormonal imbalance. Take the tablets orally before meals in the morning. Single dose – 1 pill, frequency – up to 2 – 3 times per day.

Proper nutrition

It is necessary to begin treatment for women by reducing the concentration of sugar in the blood. In addition, it is necessary to reduce the dose of salt and spices, since such food ingredients interfere with the outflow of fluid and form stagnation. In the photo, the women are frightening with their parameters and I mentally want to put them on a diet. The basis of dietary nutrition should be protein foods and vegetables, fruits as sources of vitamins and antioxidants. Here are the healthy food ingredients:

• beef, chicken, rabbit;
• low-fat dairy products;
• lean varieties of fish;
• vegetables, fruits, greens.

But the following foods contribute to the growth of the abdomen in relation to the volume of the hips:

• smoked, spicy, pickled;
• fast food;
• soda, alcoholic drinks;
• confectionery;
• coffee, strong tea.

Consultation with a psychologist

Since food often becomes a way to “eat up stress and emotional overstrain,” the psychologist must explain to the patient what the dangers of such a “belly celebration” are. It would not be amiss to show photos of obese patients so that the health problem and appearance was clearly visible. If the patient is properly motivated, she will voluntarily go on a diet and seriously begin to correct her imperfect figure.

Physical exercise

If central obesity or another type of rapid weight gain progresses, the problem cannot be solved without physical activity. In addition to regular walks in the fresh air and moderate cardio exercise at home or in gym, it is recommended to focus on the following exercises:

1. Every day, morning and evening, stand in the “plank” position, gradually increasing the time by 5 - 10 seconds and bringing it to the standard - 5 minutes.
2. Jump rope in the morning and evening, also gradually increasing the duration of each approach.

Liposuction

If a sufficient amount of fat has accumulated under the skin, which is not removed by physical activity, nutritional correction and medication, it’s time to think about liposuction. This minimally invasive technique is appropriate for obesity. Its essence is this: small incisions are made on the stomach, special tubes are inserted and the fat is pumped out through them. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and does not require a long rehabilitation period. Among the disadvantages is the price.

Surgical intervention

In cases of male obesity and other types, radical methods for removing subcutaneous fat from the peritoneal area may be required. The operation is performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia and takes two weeks. rehabilitation period and psycho-emotional recovery (with the participation of a psychologist). Here are the methods of surgical intervention: we're talking about:

• installation of an intragastric balloon;
• gastric banding;
• vertical gastroplasty;
• gastric bypass;
• biliopancreatic bypass;
• modified BPS operation.

Prevention

To prevent obesity from becoming a problem, every woman should remember preventive measures and adhere to them almost daily. In practice, this is as simple as shelling pears, the main thing is to develop a habit, and for patients at risk it should generally become the norm of everyday life. Here are the generally available preventive measures we are talking about:

• healthy eating, correction of the usual diet;
• sports, moderate cardio exercise;
• refusal bad habits;
• walks in the open air;
• body weight control;
• emotional balance;
• control of hormonal levels, medication intake.

Photos of obesity in women

Video

Hello everyone. And especially lovely ladies.

Today the topic will be of interest to you, first of all. We all want to be slim, we want to admire our reflection and please our beloved man with our appearance. Many of us have the impression that everything we eat is stored around the waist. Slender legs, hands, but where does this belly come from? And as often happens, diets do not bring the desired effect: for some reason the chest loses weight, but the stomach still sticks out proudly. Abdominal obesity in women often becomes a cause for concern and worry.

Friends! I, Svetlana Morozova, invite you to mega useful and interesting webinars! Presenter: Andrey Eroshkin. Health restoration expert, registered dietitian.

Topics of upcoming webinars:

• How to lose weight without willpower and prevent the weight from coming back?
• How to become healthy again without pills, the natural way?

Therefore, today we will look at how to properly deal with this problem, what nutrition should be in order to lose belly fat. There should be more happy women in the world, go ahead!

The root of the problem

Excess weight is dangerous in itself. First of all, it increases the load on the spine and legs. Fat people it is harder to breathe, it is difficult to lead an active life, they get tired quickly. Not to mention everyday problems, for example, the difficulty of choosing clothes and shoes.

And obesity of the abdominal type may hide the deposition of fat on internal organs. It is clear that this greatly complicates their full-fledged work, and over time, a pathology such as the replacement of organ tissue with fatty tissue can develop.

In general, most often belly fat accumulates in men, which is associated with a decrease in their body.

But why does this occur in beautiful women?

And the reasons are very banal - lack of nutritional culture and lack of exercise, with the exception of rare cases when brain tumors, polycystic ovary syndrome, etc. are to blame.

It would seem that everyone knows from childhood that food should not only be tasty, but also healthy, and in moderation. However, year after year, abdominal obesity affects more and more people. And everything is getting younger.

How will we fight? Let's start with our diet!

Getting your diet in order

There are different degrees of obesity. However, the treatment of each case invariably begins with diet therapy, and table number 8 is assigned.

Therefore, let's look at what basic nutritional recommendations nutritionists give their patients:

• Duration. As many young ladies do: fast for a week, sit on the water. The weight seemed to have dropped a bit. And that’s it, you can go on a rampage again. It is impossible to get rid of obesity in this way, but the body is obliged to gain another ten kg after hunger stress. It takes quite a lot of time to adjust to burning fat and stop accumulating it.
• Complexity. it will be much more effective if it is combined with aerobic exercise (running, walking, swimming, skating and roller skating, dancing, climbing stairs, etc.), visiting a bathhouse, a massage therapist, and getting enough sleep. Sometimes medications are prescribed or even surgery is recommended.
• Mode. As usual, portions should be smaller, meals more often, up to 6 times a day. In this case, the last meal is 3 hours before bedtime, no later. We get up from the table in an aristocratic manner - a little hungry.
• Calorie content should be no more than 2000 kcal per day, while no more than 1/5 of all calories goes to dinner, and most of it is consumed in the first half of the day.
• Cellulose. It is fiber that cleanses the intestines, helps it work fully and prevents excess fat from being absorbed.
• Liquid– 2l standard. However, if you have edema, you should limit it to 1.5 liters. This does not include soup, compotes, tea.
• Medical nutrition implies limiting spices that stimulate the appetite, including salt.
• Avoiding easily digestible carbohydrates(sugars) and limiting fats.

Fat burners

These products must be included in your diet:

• Water.
• Hot spices: ginger, cinnamon, garlic, pepper
• Drinks: freshly squeezed juices, green tea, lemon water, barley water, red wine.
• Fruits: pineapple, pomegranate, citrus fruits, and berries.
• (low-fat cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt)
• Porridge, especially oatmeal, buckwheat. In principle, all cereals cleanse the intestines and help burn fat, but semolina does not count.
• Vegetables: cabbage, green beans, greens, spinach, lettuce, radishes.
• Lean protein: egg, fish, chicken, turkey, rabbit.

Grease accumulators

But what kind of food helps you accumulate more fat? These are the enemies of our figure, we don’t eat at all:

• From cereals semolina and rice
• Potato
• Pasta
• Baking, confectionery
• Rich broths
• Any sweets
• Sweet fruits (banana, grapes)
• Canned food
• Packaged juices
• Semi-finished products
• Bold
• Roast
• Smoked
• Pickles
• Fast food
• Soda

What the menu might look like

What criteria do we look at when distributing products on a daily basis:

We don’t fry food, as it is difficult to digest and requires a lot of fat. Fruits better evening Don’t eat them, but leave them for afternoon snacks.

Breakfast: It is better to have it within the first hour after getting up. A traditional English breakfast is ideal - oatmeal, as well as any cereals.

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You can make an omelet, cheesecakes from low-fat cottage cheese, a vegetable or fruit salad, or a sandwich from whole grain bread (or crispbread) with low-fat cheese.
Dinner: vegetable soups, low-fat meat or fish, side dishes of vegetables or cereals, vegetable salads.
Dinner: vegetable stew, cereals, steamed cutlets or meatballs, a piece of fish, or just cottage cheese, kefir.
As a snack Fruits, vegetables, bread, hard unsweetened bread, cottage cheese, yogurt, kefir are suitable.

This is the correct diet if you want to solve the problem of abdominal obesity and stay healthy.

Don’t be fooled by miracle pills and unclear ingredients nutritional supplements. As they say in advertisements: “just add a couple of our tablets to your usual food” and this is completely wrong.

Only by changing your lifestyle can you achieve a thin waist and a good mood.

Play sports, walk, take care of yourself. It doesn't cost much, it can be done for a pittance folk remedies use: various creams, masks, scrubs with a fat-burning effect will help your skin return to tone and lose weight faster.

Your main assistant is self-love.
The world is decorated with happy women! Be happy and healthy!
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Endocrinologists diagnose abdominal obesity when the accumulation of excess fat tissue is concentrated in the abdominal area and abdominal cavity.

This type of obesity can also be called android obesity (due to the distribution of fat deposits on the body according to the male pattern), central or visceral. That is, for doctors these definitions are synonymous, although there are differences between visceral and abdominal obesity: in Latin, abdomen means “stomach”, and viscera means “insides”. It turns out that in the first case the anatomical localization of fat is characterized, and in the second it is emphasized that this fat is not subcutaneous, but internal and is located in the area of ​​the omentums, fat depots of the mesenteries and around the visceral organs themselves.

In physiologically normal quantities, this adipose tissue serves as protection for them, but its excess volumes - abdominal obesity - have an extremely negative effect on health.

ICD-10 code

E66 Obesity

Epidemiology

According to some estimates, nearly 2.3 billion adults worldwide are overweight, a number that has increased more than 2.5 times in three decades. For example, in the United States, at least 50% of men aged 50 to 79 years and about 70% of women in this age category are obese. And obesity in combination with diabetes was diagnosed in 38.8 million Americans - with a margin of 0.8% in favor of men. Approximately 32% of US adults (47 million) have metabolic syndrome.

There has been a sharp increase in the number of Canadians over 18 years of age who are obese, although the majority have a BMI of no more than 35—that is, stage I obesity.

Pediatric endocrinologists in Brazil state that 26.7% of Brazilian boys aged 7-10 years and 34.6% of girls of the same age are either overweight or some degree of obesity, most often abdominal.

The number of obese patients has increased in Australia, Mexico, France, Spain, Switzerland; 27% of cases of obesity diagnosis concern men, 38% – women.

Among Britons, obesity rates have roughly quadrupled over the past 30 years, reaching 22-24% of the UK population.

Causes of abdominal obesity

The key exogenous causes of abdominal obesity are associated with a violation of the physiological proportionality of calorie intake and expenditure of energy received - with a significant excess of consumption. During a sedentary lifestyle, unused energy in the form of triglycerides accumulates in adipocytes (white adipose tissue cells). By the way, it is not so much excess fat consumption that leads to obesity as food rich in carbohydrates, since excess glucose under the influence of insulin is easily transformed into triglycerides. So risk factors for obesity such as poor nutrition and lack motor activity, no one doubts.

One of the obvious causes of abdominal obesity in men is alcohol. The so-called “beer belly” appears due to the fact that alcohol (including beer) provides a lot of calories without real nutritional value, and when these calories are not burned, fat stores in the abdominal cavity increase.

Eating disorders are also among the causes of excess weight: many people have the habit of “rewarding themselves with food,” that is, “eating up” stress and any outburst of emotions (the pathogenesis of this phenomenon will be discussed below).

The endogenous causes of abdominal obesity are associated with the production of a number of protein-peptide and steroid hormones, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters (catecholamines), as well as their interaction, the level of sensitivity of associated receptors and the regulatory response of the sympathetic nervous system. Quite often, endocrine problems are genetically determined.

As endocrinologists note, abdominal obesity in men (who initially have more visceral fat than in women) is due to a decrease in testosterone (dihydrotestosterone) levels. Reducing the production of sex steroids, as it turned out, helps to increase the number of their receptors in tissues, however, receptor sensitivity is significantly reduced, therefore, the transmission of signals to the neuroreceptors of the hypothalamus, which regulates most endocrine processes in the body, is distorted.

Abdominal obesity in women usually develops after menopause and is explained by a rapid decline in estradiol synthesis in the ovaries. As a result, not only the catabolism of brown adipose tissue changes, but also its distribution in the body. In this case, abdominal obesity with a normal BMI (that is, with a body mass index not exceeding 25) is often observed. Polycystic ovary syndrome, which reduces the level of female sex hormones, contributes to obesity. In addition, risk factors for visceral obesity in women include hypothyroidism - a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone(synthesized by the pituitary gland), which play an important role in general exchange substances.

Abdominal obesity in women after childbirth threatens those who gain more kilograms during pregnancy than they should (and this is typical for approximately 43% of pregnant women). Increased body weight before pregnancy also contributes to obesity, especially against the background of high levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood (which is produced during lactation and stimulates the conversion of glucose into fat). The development of abdominal obesity after childbirth may be one of the consequences of Sheehan syndrome, associated with severe blood loss during childbirth, which leads to damage to pituitary cells.

Among the endocrine pathological changes The following risk factors for abdominal fat accumulation are identified:

• increased synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the pituitary gland and decreased production of somatotropin, beta- and gamma-lipotropins;
• excess production of glucocorticoids (steroid hormones) in functional disorders of the adrenal cortex;
• an increase in the synthesis of insulin by the pancreas with a simultaneous reduction in the production of the hormone glucagon (stimulating lipolysis - the breakdown of triglycerides in fat cells).

In fact, the combination of these factors causes abdominal obesity in metabolic syndrome. Abdominal obesity is part of the symptom complex of metabolic syndrome and is directly related to both increased tissue resistance (resistance) to insulin with the development of hyperinsulinemia and an increase in blood glucose levels, and to hyperlipidemia - high level triglycerides in the blood and low level high density lipoproteins (HDL). At the same time, according to data clinical trials, in 5% of cases, metabolic syndrome is present with normal body weight, in 22% - with overweight and in 60% of patients with abdominal obesity.

The accumulation of visceral fat in the abdominal cavity can occur with Cushing's syndrome (Cushing's disease); with alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome; at benign tumor pancreas (insulinoma); with inflammatory, traumatic or radiation damage to the hypothalamus, as well as in patients with rare genetic syndromes (Lawrence-Moon, Cohen, Carpenter, etc.).

Abdominal obesity may develop in children and adolescents with neuroendocrine syndrome Froelich (adiposogenital dystrophy), which is a consequence of birth traumatic brain injury, cerebral neoplasms or infectious brain damage due to meningitis or encephalitis.

Certain medications, such as steroids and drugs used for mental illness, can lead to obesity.

Pathogenesis

Disturbances in the neuroendocrine regulation of fat metabolism determine the pathogenesis of abdominal obesity. Depending on its characteristics, types of obesity are conventionally divided into endocrine and cerebral.

So, despite the fact that in obesity there is an increase in the level of the protein appetite suppressing hormone leptin (synthesized by adipocytes), a person does not feel satisfied with hunger and continues to eat. And here either frequent mutations of the leptin gene (LEP) are to blame, as a result of which the receptors in the nucleus of the hypothalamus (which regulates the feeling of hunger) simply do not perceive it, and the brain does not receive the necessary signal. Or, in parallel with an increase in insulin production by the pancreas, leptin resistance develops.

In addition, the regulation of nutritional satiety may be impaired due to functional deficiency of leptin when the level of estrogen in the blood decreases. And the pathogenesis of “stress eating” (mentioned above) is caused by the release of cortisol into the blood, which suppresses the activity of leptin. In general, a lack of this hormone or the indifference of its receptors leads to an uncontrollable feeling of hunger and constant overeating.

With a decrease in estrogen synthesis, there is also a decrease in the production of the neuropeptide hormone melanocortin (α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone) in the pituitary gland, which inhibits lipolysis in adipocytes. The same result is caused by a reduction in the synthesis of the pituitary hormone somatotropin and the adrenal hormone glucagon.

Increased food consumption and abdominal tissue obesity causes more intense synthesis of the neuropeptide NPY (regulatory hormone of the autonomic nervous system) in the intestines and hypothalamus.

The transformation of carbohydrates into triglycerides and their accumulation in white adipose tissue cells is induced by hyperinsulinemia.

Symptoms of abdominal obesity

The main symptoms of abdominal obesity are fat deposition in the abdominal area and increased appetite, which provoke a feeling of heaviness in the stomach.

Nonspecific symptoms of excess visceral fat include the appearance of belching, increased intestinal gas formation (flatulence) and blood pressure, shortness of breath even with little physical exertion, increased heart rate, swelling and sweating.

In addition, blood levels of triglycerides, LDL, and fasting glucose increase.

Complications and consequences

The fat surrounding the abdominal organs exhibits significant metabolic activity: it releases fatty acid, inflammatory cytokines and hormones, which ultimately leads to serious consequences and complications.

Central obesity is associated with statistically more high risk cardiovascular diseases, arterial hypertension, insulin resistance and the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes).

Abdominal obesity is associated with obstructive sleep apnea and the development of asthma (obesity reduces lung capacity and narrows the airways).

Abdominal obesity in women provokes menstrual disorders and causes infertility. And the lack of erection is one of the consequences of abdominal obesity in men.

Recent studies have confirmed the fact that large amounts of visceral fat, regardless of total weight, are associated with smaller brain volumes and an increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Diagnosis of abdominal obesity

Diagnosis of abdominal obesity begins with anthropometry, that is, measuring the patient’s waist and hip circumference.

Generally accepted criteria for abdominal obesity: in men, the waist circumference is more than 102 cm (the ratio of the waist circumference to the hip circumference is 0.95); for women - 88 cm (and 0.85), respectively. Many endocrinologists measure only waist circumference, since this indicator is more accurate and easier to control. Some specialists take an additional measurement of the amount of fat in the intestinal area (sagittal abdominal diameter).

Weighing is performed and BMI (body mass index) is determined, although it does not reflect the distribution of fatty tissue in the body. Therefore, to measure the amount of visceral fat it is necessary instrumental diagnostics– Ultrasound densitometry, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.

Blood tests needed: triglycerides, glucose, insulin, cholesterol, adiponectin and leptin levels. A urine test for cortisol is given.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis and additional examinations are designed to distinguish visceral obesity from ascites, bloating, hypercortisolism, and also to identify problems with thyroid gland, ovaries, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Treatment of abdominal obesity

The main treatment for abdominal obesity is a diet to reduce calories from food and physical activity to burn already accumulated energy fat reserves.

Some medications are used in drug therapy. To reduce fat absorption, Orlistat (Orlimax) is used - 1 capsule (120 mg) three times a day (with meals). Contraindicated in urolithiasis, inflammation of the pancreas and enzymopathies (celiac disease, cystic fibrosis); side effects include nausea, diarrhea, flatulence.

Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda) lowers blood glucose levels; is prescribed in a daily dosage of no more than 3 mg. May cause headaches, nausea and vomiting, intestinal problems, inflammation of the gallbladder and pancreas, renal failure, tachycardia, depression.

It is also recommended to take vitamins, in particular vitamin PP (nicotinic acid); For method of application and dose, see – Nicotinic acid for weight loss

More useful information in the material – Treatment of obesity: a review of modern methods

Physiotherapeutic treatment can begin with the simplest thing - regular walking: daily for at least 60 minutes. Swimming, cycling, badminton, tennis, squash, and aerobics burn calories well.

You also need to perform special exercises to lose belly fat. The main thing is that physical activity should be regular.

Traditional treatment

Traditional treatments for obesity include appetite suppressants such as bee pollen, fresh plantain leaves, chickweed (Stellaria media) and burdock root. Plantain and chickweed are recommended to be added to salads; prepare a decoction from burdock root (a tablespoon of dry root per 250 ml of water); pollen take 10 g twice a day.

Practiced for abdominal obesity and herbal treatment. Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella Foenum-graecum) - plants of the legume family - are taken orally, ground into powder. The saponins, hemicellulose, tannins and pectin it contains help reduce low-density cholesterol levels by removing it with bile acids through the intestines. And isoleucine helps reduce the rate of glucose absorption in the intestine, which leads to a decrease in blood sugar levels in patients diabetes mellitus 2 types.

The weight loss effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) is provided by epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Promote weight loss: aqueous infusion of cissus quadrangularis (Cissus quadrangularis), black elderberries (Sambucusnigra), fruits of dark green garcinia (Garciniaatroviridis), an infusion or decoction of the leaves and stems of Chinese ephedra (Ephedra sinica) and white mulberry (Morus alba), a decoction of the root of skullcap Baikal (Scutellaria baicalensis) and flowers and leaves of Campanula grandiflora (Platycodon grandifloris).

Surgery

For any type of obesity surgery requires special indications and can be carried out when all attempts to lose weight have failed.

Today in bariatric surgery, operations are used that modulate the volume of the stomach by: introducing a balloon into the stomach cavity (followed by inflating it to established size), bandaging, shunting

Forecast

In adults who continue to gain more than 2.5-3 kg per year, the risk of developing metabolic syndrome increases to 45%. In advanced cases, complications accompanying abdominal obesity reduce total duration life on average for six to seven years.