Bleeding within a month of the cause. Menstruation and bleeding - differences and characteristic signs

Vaginal bleeding in women is an alarming symptom that can indicate a variety of diseases and emergency situations. The causes of bleeding in women can be varied and depend on age.

In order to simplify the diagnosis of bleeding, they are conditionally divided into two groups depending on the affected system:

• pathology of the reproductive system;
• extragenital pathology.

An important point in the diagnosis of vaginal bleeding is the relationship with pregnancy. After all, it can be an early miscarriage, a threatened abortion, an ectopic pregnancy.

All systems and organs interact with each other. The disease of one system can affect another, manifesting various symptoms. Extragenital causes of bleeding from the vagina:

• function change thyroid gland(hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism);
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels (hypertension);
• hepatitis, cirrhosis;
• blood diseases;
• hypovitaminosis (lack of vitamins affecting the state of blood vessels and blood coagulation);
• various infectious diseases;
• prolonged stress and emotional overload, physical exhaustion.

These causes are a specific manifestation of the underlying disease, and require primary treatment.

Bleeding in women involving the reproductive system

If pregnancy has not yet been established, early miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy should be considered. Other causes may be endometriosis, uterine fibroids,. In view of the fact that oncopathology has become younger in recent years, we must not forget about cervical cancer. feature blood secretions with cervical cancer is that the discharge has a specific smell and appears more often after intercourse.

In the late trimesters of pregnancy, the reasons may be:

• placenta previa;
• premature detachment of the placenta;
• eclampsia;
• preeclampsia;
• scar on the body of the uterus.

During pregnancy, in the presence of bleeding of any nature and intensity, a woman is advised to immediately seek medical help at a antenatal clinic or call an ambulance.

Causes of blood loss not related to childbearing:

• neoplasms of the uterus and ovaries;
• ovarian apoplexy;
• various inflammatory diseases;
• trauma;
• cervical erosion;
• endometriosis.

Women with the above pathology should systematically undergo medical examinations.

Uterine bleeding in different age periods

All uterine bleeding is divided into pathological and physiological. Therefore, first of all, the chronological stage of the individual development of the reproductive system is determined.

Bleeding is conditionally divided into age periods:

• juvenile (from 10 to 18 years old);
• reproductive (fertile period from 18 to 50 years);
• menopausal period (time for the extinction of ovarian function);
• postmenopausal (final completion of menstruation).

Most often, signs of uterine bleeding in women occur from 28 to 40 years, but can appear at any age. The main cause of uterine bleeding most often at this age is a violation of the ovulation process.

The ongoing shift in the hormonal system provokes the growth of the mucosa in the uterus, resulting in stagnation and accumulation of blood, thereby disrupting blood circulation. After the permeability of the vessels changes, the conditions for the development of bleeding develop. The uterus becomes a place of accumulation of blood.

If the number of platelets decreases, causing the blood to become thinner, this increases blood loss and aggravates posthemorrhagic anemia. After all, a lot of blood can be lost. Although the female body is adapted to certain monthly expenses and subsequent replenishment.

For each age period, the reasons may be different, since each age has certain features. But you can highlight the main points that affect equally bad, despite age.

Factors that negatively affect the hormonal system:

• infectious diseases of acute and chronic nature;
• lack of vitamins and minerals;
• psychological trauma and emotional stress;
• physical exhaustion;
• thyroid disease (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism);
• inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system;
• complicated childbirth and abortion.

In a certain age category, there are risks for this or that disease. For example, hypovitaminosis is more typical for young people and those who are in the postmenopausal period. Accordingly, abortions for women with the complete completion of the menstrual function is casuistry.

Differences between bleeding and normal menstruation

With normal monthly 70-100 ml for the entire period, but again, they can be more intense. With menorrhagia, about 120 ml per day more can be lost. How to understand that this is not just menstruation, but true blood loss?

Signs of uterine bleeding:

• impotence, accompanied by dizziness;
• marbling of the skin;
• there may be vomiting and nausea, but not necessarily;
• fainting or fainting;
• weak filling pulse, palpitations, tachycardia;
• hypotension, pressure decreases;
• the presence of vaginal blood;
• during menstruation, clots, pads are released, and tampons fill up very quickly;
• at night you have to change hygiene products more often than twice;
• the duration of such bleeding is more than eight days, and;
• are not accompanied by pain syndrome;
• may appear after sex;
• most often do not coincide with menstruation.

Bleeding that occurs after a missed period is usually functional. If the discharge is abundant in volume and cyclic, then this may indicate uterine fibromyoma and systemic blood pathologies. , that is, a year after the last menstruation in women is interpreted as an obvious pathology. In this case, it is necessary to urgently exclude malignant neoplasm. But, as a rule, discharge at this age is quite meager and occurs due to atrophy of the vulva and vagina.

Summarizing

The presence of bleeding is alarming and can indicate many diseases. The problem of bleeding remains relevant today. If timely medical care is not provided, everything can end tragically.

For the purpose of prevention, it is necessary to visit a gynecologist once a year, if necessary, a hematologist and endocrinologist. In addition, strengthen your body, adhere to a balanced diet and perform dosed physical activity.

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Uterine bleeding is a condition manifested by the release of blood from the internal genital organs. Menstruation is also manifested by the release of blood, but this is a natural process, genetically programmed by nature.

Distinctive features of monthly discharge from uterine bleeding in women are profusion and duration increases, there is no consistency.

What causes uterine bleeding?

The causes leading to the development of uterine bleeding are diverse, and a classification has been created to understand them.

Uterine bleeding causes, main categories:

1. bleeding caused by pathologies that do not affect the reproductive system or extragenital conditions. Their causes: infectious diseases ( typhoid fever, sepsis, dysentery), blood diseases (genetic vasculitis, hemophilia), liver cirrhosis, cardio- vascular system, violation of the functions of hormonal organs;
2. bleeding caused by genital pathologies. These can be: rupture of the ovary or cysts, tumor of the uterus or ovary, infectious diseases genitals, menopause or puberty.

Genital pathologies of uterine bleeding

This group of causes is divided into two broad categories: uterine bleeding associated with the course of pregnancy and independent of it.

Uterine bleeding associated with childbearing and delivery:

• Ectopic pregnancy or interrupted classic;
• Premature abruption of the placenta, violation of the integrity surgical scar on the uterus, violation of the integrity of its walls;
• Traumatization of the external genital organs of women during actions in delivery room, and other soft birth canal;
• Incomplete allocation of the placenta, its infringement;
• The muscle tissue of the uterus has lost strength, elasticity and endurance after childbirth;
  Chorioepithelioma, hydatidiform drift and other diseases of the fetal egg.

Uterine bleeding that occurred regardless of pregnancy:

• Discirculatory uterine discharge. Classified by age categories: juvenile (at puberty - 11-18 years), reproductive (period favorable for the birth of children - 19 - 46 years), menopausal (during menopause);
• Neoplasms of the internal genital organs of women - the uterus, ovaries;
• The superficial shell of the tumors is broken, as well as cysts on the genitals;
• Inflammatory processes of the uterus - endometritis, cervicitis, erosive processes affecting the cervical canal, etc.

Juvenile bleeding - causes, symptoms

During the transformation of a little girl into a beautiful girl, the appearance of intermenstrual bleeding or an increase in blood volume during menstruation is often noticed. Most often, the cause of this is ovarian dysfunction, which is directly affected by frequent psychological stress, excessive physical activity, poor nutrition, and persistent colds.

When examining teenage girls with uterine bleeding, a lack of ovulation is found due to a violation of hormone production. Often, the causes are insufficiency of blood clotting factors, tuberculosis internal organs reproductive system, tumor formations of the cervical canal and the walls of the uterus.

Regardless of the cause, uterine bleeding during puberty is dangerous to health and life, and an urgent visit to the doctor is necessary.

In this variant, the number of causes that cause bleeding is much greater.

Main reasons:

• dysfunction of the hormonal system against the background of an abortion, taking a number of medications, “playing” with hormonal oral contraceptives;
• on the early dates pregnancy, bleeding is the result of spontaneous abortion;
• ectopic pregnancy - after a rupture of the fallopian tube;
• cystic drift, presentation and abruption of the placenta;
• decreased muscle tone of the uterus;
  after childbirth, bleeding due to incomplete discharge of the placenta;
  fibroids, endometriosis, uterine tumors, endometritis.

Danger during menopause

Menopause is not the easiest time in a woman's life - the reorganization of the hormonal sphere, which is why bleeding is not rare. Among other reasons, neoplasms with and without malignancy should be distinguished. Particular attention of women is necessary in the post-menopausal period, when periodic periods have long ceased, and blood suddenly appeared.

If even a small amount of blood appears, urgently go to the doctor. Do not despair if the problem is a tumor, in the initial stages it is easily treatable. For diagnostic examination in the period of menopause, take histological material from the cervical canal and the body of the uterus, after which a microscopic examination of the scraping will reveal the cause of the bleeding.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

This group of bleeding cannot be separated strictly at any age. They can be both during puberty and during menopause.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a popular variety, and is characterized by disruption of the endocrine system, from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to the ovaries and adrenal glands.

Gynecology highlights the main causes of dysfunctional uterine bleeding:

• endocrine disorders associated with the thyroid gland,
• pancreas, as well as against the background of obesity;
• overwork - emotional and physical;
• climate change;
• artificial termination of pregnancy, often independent.

According to the time of appearance of blood in periods of the menstrual cycle:

• ovulatory - depend on menstruation, the period of maturation of the egg and its release from the follicle;
• anovulatory - intermenstrual bleeding that is not associated with the menstrual cycle. As a rule, with anovulatory bleeding, the duration and volume of the menstruation itself changes.

Breakthrough bleeding

They cannot be attributed to any category, as they appear against the background of the initial intake of oral hormonal contraceptives. A small amount of bloody discharge is a manifestation of the adaptation of the body of women to a new drug. But to further prevent their occurrence, contact your gynecologist for dosage adjustment.

This phenomenon is rare, but you should take it seriously and consult a gynecologist

Symptoms and first signs

All clinical symptoms divided into general and local.

General symptoms:

• weakness throughout the body, dizziness;
• skin is pale;
• nausea, urge to vomit;
• loss of consciousness;
• weakened thready pulse;
• lowering blood pressure.

Local symptoms of uterine bleeding:

• The appearance of bloody discharge from the vagina;
• With menstruation, you notice an increase in the number of clots, the total volume of secretions has become larger, one hygiene product quickly becomes unusable;
• After intercourse in women, there may be a slight tint;
• Given the fact that bleeding can be profuse and not very, pain does not appear;
• Signs of uterine bleeding appear regardless of menstruation.

Regularly occurring symptoms of heavy uterine bleeding indicate tumors (eg, fibroids), adenomyosis, or disorders of the body's blood system.

Treatment and first aid

It is impossible to figure out the causes of uterine bleeding on your own, for sure the gynecology department will cope with this faster and better, and therefore, if you notice strange symptoms and unplanned spotting, immediately call an ambulance. Signs of uterine bleeding serious signal women's bodies global problems and every minute can be decisive.

Treat at home uterine bleeding in women is absurd the highest degree, but there are certain rules, the implementation and non-observance of which will help save lives.

Forbidden:

• impose warm compress, a heating pad on the abdomen;
• do douching;
• forget about a warm bath;
• accept medications affecting uterine contraction.

Uterine bleeding in women - first aid at home:

1. Strict bed rest with raised legs. roller under lower limbs will not give the opportunity to suffer from blood loss vitally important bodies- the brain, kidneys, liver, which means that the probability of losing consciousness is excluded;


2. Cold. Try to stop the bleeding yourself. Bubble, heating pad or bottle of cold water or ice place on the lower abdomen, pre-wrap with a towel to prevent frostbite. 10-15 minutes of cold compress, after a five-minute break, continue for two hours. Such an unpretentious method of treatment will narrow the vessels and reduce the percentage of blood loss;
3. We replenish the volume of circulating blood. At home with emergency situations it is difficult to come up with an alternative to droppers, but plenty of warm sweet drinks can restore blood loss. Glucose will feed the brain cells;
4. Emergency medicines. Once again, we point out that taking medications should be performed only in extreme cases or after consulting a doctor. AT home first aid kit the presence of aminocaproic acid, calcium gluconate, dicinone will not be superfluous.

What is uterine bleeding?

is the discharge of blood from the uterus. Most often, it is a serious symptom of diseases of the female body. Any uterine bleeding should be diagnosed in time, and the woman should receive medical assistance. Ignoring such a symptom leads to serious consequences, even death. It is important to know that normal uterine bleeding includes only menstruation, the duration of which is up to 5 days, with stable interruptions, 28 days long. All other bleeding is a pathology and requires medical supervision.

According to statistics, uterine bleeding, bearing pathological character, in 25% of cases are associated with organic diseases of this organ or ovaries. The remaining 75% are associated with hormonal disorders and diseases of the genital area.

Menstruation (menstruation) is the only physiological normal view uterine bleeding. Usually its duration is from three to five days, and the interval between menstruation (menstrual cycle) normally lasts from 21 to 35 days. Most often, the first couple of days of menstruation are not abundant, the next two are intensified and, at the end, again become scarce; blood loss these days should be no more than 80 ml. Otherwise it develops Iron-deficiency anemia.

At healthy women menstruation is painless. In case of pain, weakness and a woman should consult a doctor.

The onset of menstruation usually occurs at 11-15 years of age and lasts until the end of the reproductive period (menopause). During pregnancy and breastfeeding menstruation is absent, but this phenomenon is temporary.

It is important to remember that the early onset of spotting in girls (before 10 years of age), as well as in women after menopause (45–55 years of age), is an alarming sign of serious illness.

Sometimes spotting in the middle of the cycle (on the 10-15th day after the end) can become a variant of the norm. Their cause is hormonal fluctuations after ovulation: the walls of the uterine vessels become excessively permeable, so vaginal discharge may have blood impurities. Such discharge should not last more than two days. Sometimes the cause of spotting becomes an inflammatory process, so a woman should definitely consult a gynecologist.

A variant of the norm is also implantation bleeding, which occurs as a result of the introduction of the embryo into the uterine wall. This process occurs a week after conception.

Why are uterine bleeding dangerous?

Uterine bleeding has the ability to increase rapidly, not stop long time and hard to stop.

Therefore, depending on what type of bleeding a woman has, it can be dangerous with such consequences as:

With moderate but regular blood loss, it can develop varying degrees gravity. It begins if the volume of released blood is 80 ml. Although in such conditions there is no direct threat to the life of a woman, however, this process cannot be left without attention.

A large loss of blood may be due to simultaneous heavy bleeding, which is difficult to stop. Most often, surgery is required, with the replacement of lost blood and removal of the uterus.

The risk of progression of the underlying disease. In this case, we are talking about small blood loss, to which the woman does not pay attention and does not go for medical assistance. At the same time, blood loss, even in a small amount, can eventually lead either to profuse bleeding, or to the fact that the disease that caused it will go into a neglected form.

Risk of bleeding in pregnant women or women in postpartum period is that it can end in a state of shock. The intensity and severity of this condition is due to the fact that the uterus is not able to fully contract and stop blood loss on its own.

There are many reasons that can cause uterine bleeding. In order to systematize them, it should be understood that the resulting blood loss can be a disruption in the organ systems, as well as disorders in the genital area.

Extragenital causes of uterine bleeding, that is, those caused by disorders in the work of non-genital organs include:

Diseases of the hematopoietic system, these are: hemophilia, low level vitamin C and K, etc.

Prolapse of the urethra.

Violations in the activity of the cardiovascular system, for example, etc.

Reduced functionality.

The causes of uterine bleeding are genital, in turn, may be associated with the bearing of a child by a woman.

During pregnancy, the following causes of bleeding from the uterus are distinguished:

Ectopic pregnancy.

Pathology of the fetal egg.

The presence of a scar on the uterus.

Placenta previa, its low location or early detachment.

Various processes of destruction of uterine tissues.

Rupture of the uterus during labor.

Injury to the birth canal (vagina or vulva).

Infringement or delay of the departed placenta.

Enometritis.

trophoblastic disease.

Cesarean section.

chorionepitheloma.

Genital bleeding can occur in a woman who is not carrying a child. Causes for them include:

Discirculatory bleeding, which, in turn, can be climateric, reproductive and juvenile.

Syndrome chronic fatigue, especially enhanced by starvation and exhaustion of the body, can also cause bleeding.

Pronounced hormonal disorders occur during puberty girls, during pregnancy and after childbirth, after abortion.

Sometimes hereditary predisposition and taking certain hormonal pills can affect.

Prolonged bleeding may develop against the background of the medical abortion which has been gaining popularity in recent years.

For the treatment of bleeding caused by hormonal disruptions, an individual approach is required. It will depend on the cause that caused bloody discharge from the uterus.

Uterine bleeding after cesarean

After a caesarean section, a woman should be under medical supervision. Most often, bleeding lasts a little longer than after natural childbirth. This is due to the fact that it is formed on the uterus, which makes it difficult to contract. Normally, bleeding stops completely after a couple of months. If it continues, then the woman needs to report this problem to the doctor.

The cause of pathological bleeding after surgery is most often hemostasis. Therefore, in order to eliminate this problem, doctors should carefully but carefully scrape the walls of the uterus. If bleeding cannot be stopped, extirpation is required.

If the bleeding is hypotonic, then it is not always possible to stop it, since it occurs after the uterus begins to contract. Profuse blood loss can lead to hypotonic shock. Replenishment of blood supplies by transfusion and manual examination of the uterus are necessary in order to detect possible remains of the placenta, determine the contractile function of the uterus and establish the existing gap.

The critical measure that doctors take to save a woman's life is the removal of the uterus. This method is used if bleeding after caesarean section by other means (electrical stimulation of the uterus, ligation of blood vessels, administration of uterotonics) cannot be stopped.

Types of pathological uterine bleeding

Gynecologists divide uterine bleeding into many types. But there are those that are most common:

Juvenile bleeding. They are characteristic of the onset of puberty in girls. They can be triggered by a number of factors, for example, frequent illnesses, increased physical activity, malnutrition, etc. Depending on the amount of blood lost, such bleeding can lead to anemia of varying severity.

About profuse uterine bleeding should be said if it is not accompanied by pain. In this case, the volume of fluid lost may vary. There are many reasons, it can be an abortion, and vaginal infections, and taking hormone-containing drugs, etc.

Acyclic bleeding characterized by the fact that it appears in the intervals between menstrual cycles. It can be caused by fibroids, endometriosis and other pathologies. If acyclic bleeding is observed regularly, then a doctor's consultation is necessary. Although this type is not always a symptom of any pathology.

Anovulatory bleeding is typical for women who have entered the menopause and for adolescents undergoing puberty. It is caused by the fact that the maturation of the follicles and the production of progesterone are disturbed, in the absence of ovulation. This species is dangerous because, without treatment, it can provoke the development of malignant tumors.

dysfunctional occurs when the functioning of the ovaries is disrupted. A distinctive feature is that it occurs after menstruation has been absent for a long time, and blood loss with it is plentiful.

Hypotonic bleeding occurs due to low tone of the myometrium, after an abortion, etc. most often appears after childbirth.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding includes those that are associated with a violation of the production of sex hormones produced by the endocrine glands. They can appear at almost any age, both during puberty and during menopause, and in the reproductive period of a woman's life. This pathology is widespread.

This type of bleeding is expressed by the fact that the period of menstruation is lengthened, and the amount of fluid lost increases. Without treatment, it always leads to the development of anemia. The main feature is the prolonged absence of menstruation, sometimes up to six months, and then the occurrence of bleeding, which has a different strength.

Dysfunctional bleeding can be ovulatory (concerns women of reproductive age) and anovulatory (more common in adolescents and premenopausal women). Cycle disorders in this case are expressed in abundant and irregular periods, with long (more than 35 days) and short-term (less than 21 days) intervals, in the absence of menstruation for more than six months.

The tactics of treatment depends on the age of the patient and on the presence of concomitant pathology. It can be either medical or surgical. However, in adolescence, surgery is resorted to only in emergency cases. Conservative therapy is to take hormones. If left untreated, dysfunctional uterine bleeding can lead to miscarriage, chronic anemia, endometrial cancer, shock, and even death.

Atonic uterine bleeding

Atonic bleeding is characterized by the fact that it is formed when the uterus becomes unable to contract. The lack of contractility in obstetric practice is called the uterus of Kuveler. A characteristic feature of atonic bleeding is zero tone and a similar reaction to the introduction of uterotonics.

When it is not possible to stop the bleeding with the help of specialized drugs, a thick suture is applied to the posterior lip of the cervix, clamps are additionally applied to clamp the uterine artery.

If these methods were ineffective, and blood loss could not be stopped, then they are considered as preparation for an operation to remove the uterus. Mass loss of blood is considered to be from 1200 ml. Before completely removing the uterus, attempts are made to ligate the vessels using the Tsitsishvili method, electrical stimulation (this method is becoming less popular, and doctors are gradually abandoning it), acupuncture. It is important to constantly replenish the reserves of lost blood.

This type is characterized by the fact that the tone of the myometrium decreases. Such bleeding occurs when the fetal egg is retained in the uterine cavity, during the separation of the placenta, after its release. The reason lies in the uterus after childbirth, when contractions occur rarely and are spontaneous. The critical degree of such a state is referred to as atony, when contractions are completely absent.

The main tasks facing physicians are:

Stop bleeding as soon as possible.

Replenishment of the BCC deficit.

Avoiding blood loss of more than 1200 ml.

Tracking blood pressure and preventing it from falling to a critical level.

Treatment is aimed at ensuring that the motor function of the uterus is restored as soon as possible. If there are remnants of the fetal egg, then it must be removed either by hand or with a curette. When hypotonic bleeding occurs after childbirth, it is necessary to squeeze out the placenta as soon as possible, if it does not work, then it is removed manually. Most often, it is the removal of the placenta that helps restore the motor function of the uterus. If necessary, her gentle massage on the fist is carried out.

As medicines administration of pituitrin or oxytocin is indicated. Effective in some cases is the imposition of a bubble on the abdomen containing ice or irritation of the uterus with ether. For this purpose, a moistened swab is inserted into the posterior fornix of the vagina. If hypotension does not respond to this therapy, then measures are taken that are characteristic of uterine atony.

Acyclic uterine bleeding

Acyclic uterine bleeding is called metrorrhagia. It is not associated with the menstrual cycle, which is normal, it is characterized total absence any periodicity.

This condition can occur suddenly and be associated with the pregnancy of a woman, with an incomplete abortion, with placenta previa, with the development of an ectopic pregnancy, retention of part of the placenta, etc.

Acyclic bleeding, if a woman does not bear a child, can be observed with pathologies such as uterine fibroids, benign tumors. If the tumor is malignant, then metrorrhagia is observed at the stage of its decay.

It is not possible to describe the degree of intensity of blood loss, since the discharge can be spotting, abundant, with impurities blood clots and without them.

It is important to pay close attention to acyclic bleeding for women who are in menopause, both at its initial stage and several years later, after the cessation of constant menstruation. In no case should they be perceived as renewed ovulation. Metrorrhagia in this period requires careful study, as they are often signs of a malignant process, for example,.

Breakthrough uterine bleeding

Breakthrough uterine bleeding develops against the background of hormonal disorders. They are characterized by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone. Sometimes bleeding of this type occurs against the background of a woman taking oral contraceptives. In this case, breakthrough bleeding is an adaptation reaction to the drug. If, after taking the prescribed remedy, bleeding occurs that does not correspond to the menstrual cycle, then it is necessary to consult a doctor about adjusting the dose or replacing the remedy.

Breakthrough bleeding can also be observed when the uterine wall is damaged by a spiral. This cannot be ignored, the spiral must be removed immediately.

Most often, blood loss from breakthrough bleeding is minor, however, a visit to the doctor should not be postponed.

Anovulatory uterine bleeding

These bleedings occur during the break between menstruation, their causes are varied, including they can be a manifestation of any disease. Most often, anovulatory bleeding is prolonged in time, lasts more than 10 days, and is acyclic. Women suffer such blood loss either during the extinction of reproductive function, or during its formation.

This bleeding is also called single-phase, during its opening it does not form corpus luteum, the development of the follicle occurs with disturbances, ovulation is absent.

This bleeding can be hyperestrogenic, when the follicle matures but does not rupture, and hypoestrogenic, when several follicles mature but do not fully mature.

Rarely, anovular uterine bleeding occurs during the reproductive period of a woman's life. Similar phenomena are associated with violations of the hypophozotropic zone, after suffering, poisoning, infections.

Among adolescents, according to statistics, this type of bleeding is quite common. Such violations account for up to 12% of all gynecological diseases. In this case, the decisive factor may be irrational nutrition, mental trauma, physiological overload.

Discirculatory uterine bleeding

The occurrence of discirculatory uterine bleeding is caused by impaired ovarian function. Sometimes the impetus is provided by external factors such as transferred viral infections, stress, etc. Blood loss is not great, observed after menstruation was absent for a long time.

Often, women observe the presence of clots in uterine bleeding. Most often, doctors explain their appearance by the fact that the uterus during fetal development has undergone certain anomalies. Therefore, the blood stagnates in its cavity, forming clots.

Most often, menstruation causes more pronounced discomfort in such women, especially when it occurs with increased hormonal background. Sometimes it is such a congenital anomaly that can cause increased bleeding and the presence of numerous clots in the discharge.

In addition to the fact that anomalies are congenital in nature, they can be acquired during life. Similar phenomena are associated with the professional characteristics of a woman and with the abuse bad habits. Often, during menstruation with blood clots, women experience severe cutting pains. In order to exclude the presence of a pathological process, it is important to seek advice from a gynecologist.

Sometimes changes in the hormonal background can also lead to the formation of clots. To clarify the cause, you need to pass a series of tests, including thyroid hormones and adrenal hormones, and examine the level of progesterone and estrogen.

The presence of clots, severe pain in the lower abdomen, heavy blood loss during menstruation, acyclic mini-bleeding - all this most often indicates endometriosis. Such a diagnosis is established after a thorough diagnosis and requires appropriate treatment.

Sometimes the reason may be poor clotting blood and some complications that arose after childbirth.

Uterine bleeding during pregnancy

The most common causes of uterine bleeding during pregnancy are miscarriage, uterine disease, ectopic pregnancy, and damage to the placenta.

A miscarriage is accompanied by severe cramping pains in the lower abdomen, bleeding is intense, the color of the blood is from bright scarlet to dark. With an ectopic pregnancy, bleeding is accompanied by a deterioration in the general condition, malaise, nausea, and sweating. Blood is dark in color and usually comes out in clots.

Damage to the blood vessels of the cervix during pregnancy can occur during sexual intercourse or a gynecological examination. This bleeding is usually not heavy or prolonged.

If the placenta is damaged or previa, uterine bleeding may occur in the second or third trimester. The bleeding is usually very heavy. It poses a serious threat to the life and health of the expectant mother and her child.

It should be remembered that uterine bleeding in pregnant women is very dangerous, so a woman must definitely call medical team who will provide immediate assistance.

First aid for uterine bleeding is to call an ambulance as soon as possible. This is especially true in the case when a woman is carrying a child, her blood loss is plentiful, her condition worsens sharply. In this case, every minute counts. If it is not possible to call a team of doctors, then it is necessary to take the woman to the hospital on her own.

Any uterine bleeding is a serious threat to life and health, so the reaction must be appropriate.

Categorically, with dysfunctional bleeding, it is forbidden to apply a hot or warm heating pad to the stomach, douche with any compositions, take a bath, use drugs that promote uterine contraction.

Independently, at home until the ambulance arrives, a woman can be helped as follows:

The woman must be put to bed, preferably on her back, and her legs placed on some kind of elevation. To do this, you can put a pillow or a roller from a blanket. Thus, it will be possible to preserve the consciousness of the patient, especially if the blood loss is impressive.

Something cold should be applied to the stomach. If there was no heating pad at hand, then the ice can be wrapped in a regular cloth. You can replace the ice with an ordinary bottle filled with cold water. Cold exposure time - up to 15 minutes, then a break of 5 minutes. This will achieve vasoconstriction, and therefore somewhat reduce bleeding.

The woman needs to drink. Since it is not possible to put a dropper at home, it is necessary to offer the patient plentiful drink. Plain water and sweet tea will do. This will contribute to the loss of fluid along with the blood, glucose will provide nutrition to the nerve cells of the brain.

Taking medications should be treated with extreme caution, especially if a woman is carrying a child. Before taking them, you should always consult with your doctor, but sometimes it happens that there is no such possibility. Therefore, it is necessary to know the names of hemostatic agents and their minimum dosage. These include Vikasol (taken 3 times a day, at a dosage of 0.015 g), ascorbic acid (maximum daily dose 1 g), Dicinon (taken 4 times a day, at a dosage of 0.25), calcium gluconate (1 tablet up to 4 times a day). Before use, it is important to remember that all drugs have side effects.

How to stop uterine bleeding?

When the ambulance arrives at the scene, its actions will be as follows:

A bubble containing ice is applied to the woman's stomach.

If the bleeding is heavy, then the woman should be taken to the car on a stretcher.

Hospitalization of the patient with transfer directly to a specialist.

The introduction of a solution of sulfate, with a threat or the onset of a miscarriage. Or if a spontaneous abortion occurs, the woman is given intravenous calcium chloride and ascorbic acid diluted in glucose. An injection of Etamzilat can be made.

Doctors in the hospital use hormonal drugs to stop bleeding, in the event that a woman has not yet given birth, she does not have a suspicion of a tumor. Hormonal drugs include Jeannine Regulon, etc. On the first day they give an increased dose (up to 6 tablets), in the following days one tablet less, bringing it up to 1 piece. Sometimes gestogens are used, but it can be used only in the absence of severe anemia.

Hemostatic agents can also be used, for example, Dicinon, Vikasol, Askorutin, Aminocaproic acid.

Sometimes surgery is used, such as uterine curettage ( effective method stopping blood loss), cryodestruction (a method without contraindications), laser removal of the endometrium (used in those women who do not plan to have more children).

Treatment of uterine bleeding largely depends on its causes and the age of the patient.

Adolescents are most often prescribed drugs that reduce the uterus, drugs that stop blood and strengthen the walls of blood vessels. It is also recommended to take, herbal medicine, less often - hormonal drugs that regulate the menstrual cycle. Women of reproductive age are prescribed hormonal drugs, sometimes surgical operations are performed (for fibroids, endometriosis of the uterus, etc.). After menopause, uterine bleeding most often indicates oncological pathologies uterus and ovaries, so treatment requires mainly surgical intervention, including the removal of the uterus and its appendages.

In treatment, it is most important to diagnose the causes of bleeding in time, so sick women should seek medical help without delay.

Some girls experience so-called juvenile bleeding, which is characterized by seasonality and a persistent lack of ovulation. Along with juvenile metrorrhagia, those that form during menopause should be noted. They are characterized by a high frequency, which becomes a sign not only ...

In reproductive age, all women have menstruation once a month, characterized by bloody discharge, lasting several days. For some, they may be scanty and painless, while for others, severe blood loss is observed during this period and pain syndrome. And here it is very important to understand when spotting is the norm, and when it indicates the opening of uterine bleeding in order to stop it in a timely manner. After all, if it is not stopped, a woman can lose too much blood, which will turn into sad consequences for her. And how to stop bleeding during menstruation and why they can occur, you will now find out.

Main features

Before talking about how to leave blood loss during heavy periods, you must first understand whether they are bleeding. Indeed, in some women, such menstruation is considered an absolute norm and it depends, first of all, on individual characteristics organism, as well as from heredity. If heavy periods are not accompanied by weakness and dizziness and are observed in a woman all the time, then it is not necessary to make any attempts to reduce the release of blood, since this can only do harm.

Action must be taken only if copious excretion blood is indeed bleeding. It can be identified by the following characteristics:

• Menstruation is noted for more than 7 days (not daubs, but blood!).
• A sanitary napkin fills up in less than 1.5-2 hours, which means it has to be changed frequently.
• The woman has great weakness, dizziness, blanching of the skin, drop in blood pressure, nausea, fainting.

In all these cases, of course, it is necessary to act and as quickly as possible. Since excessive blood loss can cause a sharp drop in hemoglobin levels, followed by the onset of anemia, characterized by a lack of oxygen in the body. With its deficiency, cells begin to starve and die very quickly. And first of all, brain cells suffer from a lack of oxygen, which can lead to serious problems with health.

Moreover, if not promptly prevented heavy bleeding, it can lead to death. Therefore, if a woman has all the above symptoms, in no case should you hesitate.

Various factors can provoke the opening of bleeding during menstruation. For example:

• Strong stress.
• Emotional overwork associated with vigorous work activity and lack of sleep.
• Taking hormonal drugs.
• Recently placed intrauterine device.
• Abrupt climate change.
• Gynecological diseases.

As for hormonal drugs, women take them for various purposes - to treat infertility, prevent unwanted pregnancy (among such drugs, Postinor, Jess Plus are the most common), with serious hormonal disruptions in the body resulting from pathologies of the thyroid gland, ovaries, pituitary or adrenal glands. Such drugs can be taken for a long time and, naturally, they provoke another hormonal disbalance, against the background of which bleeding can also open during the onset of menstruation.

If the blood loss is not strong, you should not worry, you can continue to take the drug. But when a woman has heavy periods, accompanied by the above symptoms, she should immediately consult a doctor. Perhaps the prescribed drug is not suitable for her body and needs to be replaced.

Bleeding associated with IUD insertion is also not uncommon. As a rule, it opens immediately after the procedure or during the first menstruation. This is due to the fact that when installing the spiral, the mucous membranes of the cervical canal are severely damaged, and they begin to bleed. If, after the next menstruation, the discharge of blood does not stop, it is also necessary to visit a doctor, since such a phenomenon indicates the development inflammatory processes requiring immediate removal of the IUD from the cervix.

If speak about gynecological diseases, then among them more often the opening of bleeding during menstruation is provoked by the following:

• Polycystic.
• Endometriosis or adenometriosis.
• Erosion (with this pathology, spotting can also be observed in the middle of the cycle).
• Myoma of the uterus.
• Fibrosis.
• Ectopic pregnancy.
• Miscarriage (in this case, along with bloody discharge from the vagina, a mucous clot may come out).

To understand the true cause of the discovery of bleeding, you need to undergo a complete examination. Only in this way it will be possible to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment, which will avoid the development of serious complications.

What to do if there is bleeding?

When a woman has severe bleeding during menstruation and faints, in no case should attempts be made to stop him at home. You need to immediately call an ambulance. The woman needs to be hospitalized!

While the doctors are on the way, the patient needs first aid. It is as follows:

• The woman must be laid on the bed so that her legs are above the level of the body, that is, raised up.
• Apply a cold heating pad to the abdomen (if exposed to low temperatures vessels constrict and bleeding decreases), but not more than 15 minutes.
• Provide her with frequent drinking, since with heavy periods there is a strong loss of fluid in the body, which can lead to dehydration (you can give water and sweet weak tea, but not hot).

As soon as the doctors arrive, they will take the woman to the hospital. Here she will receive all the necessary treatment that will quickly stop the bleeding. If the blood loss is insignificant, then the doctor may prescribe medication to the woman, which is carried out at home. As a rule, with heavy periods, it is recommended to take the following medicines:

1. Dicynon. It has two forms of release - tablets and injections. After taking Dicinon tablets, a decrease in blood loss is observed only after 2 to 3 hours. If you make an injection of this drug, then relief comes after 15 to 20 minutes. Therefore, it is natural that with severe bleeding it is recommended to inject Dicinon. And in tablets it is prescribed only for preventive purposes.
2. Vikasol. Available in the form of tablets and has a hemostatic effect. It is recommended to take it 1 tab. no more than 2 times a day.
3. Traneksam. A new generation hemostatic agent, which also has two forms - tablets and injections. Tranexam injections are considered more effective because they act much faster.
4. Hyphotocin. This drug does not apply to hemostatic agents, but it has a beneficial effect on the contractile functions of the uterus.

As an additional therapy and prevention of the development of complications, the doctor can also prescribe calcium gluconate, which is taken 3-4 times a day, ascorbic acid 1 g 1 time per day and aminocaproic acid (the dosage is set individually).

If a woman has hormonal disorders, then the main treatment may include taking hormone-containing drugs. They are selected individually and only after a blood test for hormones, which allows you to identify which hormone is missing in the body.

If a woman has been diagnosed serious pathologies, which caused the discovery of bleeding during menstruation, then as medical therapy can be used different kinds surgical interventions. Among them, the most common are:

• Scraping or abrasion.
• Cryodestruction.
• Ablation of the endometrium.

Most often, such operations are carried out with:

• Frozen pregnancy in the early stages.
• Ectopic pregnancy (in this case, the removal of the fallopian tube may be required).
• Hyperplasia of the endometrium of the uterus.
• endometriosis.
• Myoma, fibrosis, polyposis, etc.

Means of alternative medicine

Stop uterine bleeding during menstruation folk methods it is possible, but only if the blood loss is insignificant and the general condition of the woman is satisfactory. In order to suspend heavy periods at home, you can use various medicinal plants that have a hemostatic effect.

Nettle. This herb helps to maintain uterine tone and vitamin C, which helps to strengthen the vascular walls and stop blood loss. An herbal decoction is made from the plant, which is then taken ½ cup 3 to 4 times a day. It is prepared like this: 2 tbsp. l. nettle, pour 0.5 liters of water and simmer for about 10 minutes. Further, the broth must be insisted for half an hour and filtered, after which it can be drunk.

Chamomile also has a beneficial effect on the female body and helps fight heavy periods. An infusion is prepared from the herb, which is also taken 3-4 times a day, 70-100 ml each. And they do it as follows: take 1 tbsp. l. herbs, pour it with 0.4 liters of boiling water and insist for an hour, after which it is filtered.

To stop heavy blood loss, you can use a plant such as shepherd's purse. Tea is made from it. To do this, take 20 g of water, pour 0.4 liters of boiling water and leave for about 30-40 minutes. Then filter and take orally 100 ml 3 times a day before meals.

Recovery after bleeding

When bleeding, the female body loses a lot of blood. Naturally, it will take some time for him to recover. But in order for the recovery to happen faster, and the menstrual cycle to normalize, he needs help. To do this, a woman should:

• Eat as many fresh vegetables and fruits as possible.
• Drink a lot (herbal decoctions and infusions, teas, dried fruit compotes).
• Avoid sexual intercourse for a while.
• Accept medications prescribed by the doctor.

If, after 3 to 7 days after the bleeding stops in a woman, she continues to smear, it should be without fail visit a doctor. Perhaps she has hidden diseases that require correction of the prescribed therapy. If this is not done, bleeding may occur again and not only during menstruation, but also in the intermenstrual period.

Uterine bleeding occurs in women of all ages. They can be a sign of a gynecological disease and extragenital pathology, open during a threatened miscarriage or when an ectopic pregnancy is terminated. Is a dangerous condition that requires emergency care Therefore, you first need to think about how to stop uterine bleeding.

Causes of uterine bleeding

The causes of uterine bleeding are various factors. It also depends on the age indicators, as in different periods life, the factors provoking the development of bleeding are diverse.

Common causes of uterine bleeding are:

• Malfunctions in the functioning of the thyroid gland- in the presence of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, the likelihood of symptoms of uterine bleeding increases.
• Hormonal disruptions. Most common cause bleeding in women young age and after 40. When hormones are normal, progesterone and estrogen are in optimal balance, blood loss during menstruation is often negligible. If a violation occurs, uterine bleeding occurs.
• Diseases of the circulatory system. When the level of platelets decreases, as well as during blood disease, there is a risk of bleeding.
• Myoma of the uterus. Particularly severe bleeding begins with internal myoma, then the only way out is a surgical operation.
• Adenomyosis. A disease in which the fusion of the inner and muscular layers of the uterus occurs, menstruation during the disease is painful, long and strong, since the menstruating area increases significantly.
• polyps. Are benign formations often seen in women of childbearing age. When there are many and large sizes, they must be removed, as they are the cause of bleeding of the uterus and pain during menstruation.
• Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, premature detachment of the placenta. Similar consequences during pregnancy have become quite common. During any spotting during pregnancy, a woman should call doctors without delay, as bleeding threatens the health of the baby and mother.
• Malignant formations organs of the genitourinary system. Most serious reason possible bleeding, regardless of the location of the tumor, during any bleeding, cancer must first be ruled out.
• Breakthrough bleeding of the uterus. The reason is directly related to the use of intrauterine contraceptives. In particular, the likelihood of bleeding increases if contraceptives and anticoagulants are taken at the same time. There are minor, at the beginning of the use of contraceptives.

When is uterine bleeding considered normal?

1. Physiological uterine bleeding is considered only menstruation. They last from 3 to 5 days, the interval between the old and new cycles is 21-35 days. The total blood loss in the process reaches 50-80 ml. If it is higher than the specified norm, then there is a risk that iron deficiency anemia will appear.

   Menses should flow without pain. They start at 11-15 years old. The function lasts throughout the entire reproductive period, stopping during pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. The menstrual function ends at about the age of 45-55 years.

2. Bloody issues in the middle of menstruation are considered as the norm. They are due to sharp fluctuations in the amount of hormones during ovulation, leading to an increase in the permeability of the walls of the vessels of the uterus. But in certain situations the occurrence of such discharge in the middle of the cycle indicates the manifestation of hormonal disorders or that inflammation of the uterus has begun, therefore, with the initial appearance of characteristic discharge, you should consult a specialist to exclude this disease.
3. Another almost normal look vaginal discharge that are not associated with menstruation is implantation bleeding, which appears on the 7th day after conception. The reason is the introduction of the embryo into the uterine wall, in which there is a partial destruction of the structure of the mucous membrane of the uterus, which leads to the appearance of insignificant secretions.

Types of pathological uterine bleeding

Bleeding data experts divide into a large number of varieties.

But there are some that are more common than others:

• For acyclic it is characteristic that it occurs in the middle of menstrual cycles. It is caused by symptoms such as fibroids, cysts, endometriosis of the uterus and other pathologies. If it happens constantly, you should consult your doctor.
• Juvenile bleeding. Characteristic at the beginning of puberty. They are caused by a number of circumstances, for example, constant illnesses, high physical activity, inadequate diet. Depending on blood loss lead to anemia varying degrees gravity.
• Profuse uterine bleeding dangerous enough when accompanied by pain. In such a situation, the amount of blood loss varies. The causes can be abortion, and vaginal infections, and the use of hormonal drugs.
• Anovulatory bleeding characteristic of women who have menopause and adolescents who are going through puberty. It is due to the fact that the maturation of the follicles and the production of progesterone are disturbed when there is no ovulation. If left untreated, it provokes the occurrence of malignant neoplasms.
• Dysfunctional uterine bleeding occurs when the ovaries fail to function. It differs in that it appears when the menstrual cycle was absent for a long period, and blood loss is strong enough.
• Hypotonic bleeding occurs due to a weak tone of the myometrium, after an abortion. Often happens after childbirth.
• Sometimes women may experience bleeding clots from the uterus. Experts characterize their occurrence by the fact that the uterus undergoes certain anomalies during intrauterine development. Because the blood stagnates inside, forming clots.

Symptoms of uterine bleeding

The main symptom of this pathology is vaginal discharge.

Bleeding of the uterus is characterized by such features:

1. The number of withdrawals is increasing. During uterine bleeding, the concentration of blood loss increases and is more than 80 ml.
2. Increased duration of bleeding. Lasts over a week.
3. Disruptions in the regularity of discharge - menstruation lasts approximately 21-35 days. A deviation from this norm indicates bleeding.
4. Bleeding after intercourse.
5. Bleeding in postmenopause.

There are such signs of uterine bleeding:

• menorrhagia- excessive and prolonged menstruation (more than a week), their regularity does not change.
• metrorrhagia- non-permanent discharge. They appear to a greater extent in the middle of the cycle and do not differ in great intensity.
• Menometrorrhagia- prolonged and intermittent bleeding.
• Polymenorrhea- menstruation that occurs more often than after 21 days.

In addition to the above, due to large blood loss, iron deficiency anemia is a characteristic sign of such symptoms. It is accompanied by weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, pale skin.

What is the danger of bleeding from the uterus?

Bleeding of the uterus is characterized by the ability to increase and not stop for a long period of time and they are difficult to stop.

Therefore, depending on the type of bleeding, the following complications can be dangerous:

• Moderate but persistent bleeding can cause anemia of varying severity. Occurs if the loss content reaches 80 ml. In this condition, there is no direct threat to health, but it is worth paying attention to it.
• Severe blood loss called a one-time profuse bleeding which is hard to stop. In the vast majority of cases, surgery is needed to replenish blood and remove the uterus.
• The risk of subsequent development of the disease. It talks about small blood loss, which is not emphasized. At the same time, insignificant blood loss leads to profuse bleeding, or to the fact that the disease that provoked it will go into a serious stage.
• Bleeding of the uterus during pregnancy or in women who are in the postpartum period, it is quite dangerous and consists in the fact that there is a high risk of transformation into a state of shock. intensity and heaviness given state due to the fact that the uterus cannot contract properly and stop the bleeding itself.

First aid for bleeding

Emergency care for bleeding is to immediately call an ambulance. In particular, this is important when a woman is pregnant, her blood loss is strong, her condition worsens significantly. In such a situation, every minute counts. When it is not possible to call doctors, you should take the patient to the hospital on your own.

Any bleeding of the uterus is a significant threat to life, so the actions must be appropriate.

It is forbidden during dysfunctional bleeding to apply a hot or warm heating pad to the abdomen, douching, taking bath procedures, and using drugs that help reduce the uterus.

On her own, at home before the arrival of doctors, a woman should carry out the following manipulations:

How to stop bleeding?

When the ambulance arrives, its actions are as follows:

1. In the abdomen, you need to put a bubble where ice is contained.
2. When severe bleeding begins, the woman should be carried to the car on a stretcher.
3. Hospitalize the patient with subsequent transfer to a doctor.
4. The introduction of a solution of magnesium sulfate, if there is a risk of miscarriage. If spontaneous abortion, calcium chloride and ascorbic acid are introduced into the woman's body, which is diluted with glucose.

Hormonal drugs are Jeannine, Regulon, etc. On the first day, an increased dose is given, then one tablet less, reaching up to 1 pc. There are cases when gestogens are used, but they are used only if there is no severe anemia.

Sometimes drugs are used that stop the blood, for example, Dicinon, Vikasol, Ascorutin, Aminocaproic acid.

There are situations when a surgical operation is necessary, for example, curettage of the uterus (it is enough effective method stopping bleeding), cryodestruction (a method where there are no warnings), laser removal of the endometrium (used in women who do not plan to become pregnant in the future).

Medicines

It would be advisable to start drug treatment, in combination using conventional and harmless means:

• Vitamin C. Vitamin C has an excellent effect on blood vessels, guaranteeing the stop of bleeding in any place. However this remedy it is possible to use only with the proper dosage: you need to use quite impressive doses - at least 1 gram of the drug per day.
• Vikasol. Medical preparation, which should be used 1 tablet 3 times a day, helps stop uterine bleeding with vitamin K, which has an excellent effect on blood clotting.
• Dicynon. Effectively stops bleeding, the drug has a good effect on the vascular and coagulation system while taking 3-4 tablets per day.

In many cases, the combined use folk recipes and medications helps to reduce the abundance of blood loss or completely stop bleeding of the uterus.

Folk remedies

how folk remedies for the treatment of uterine bleeding, decoctions and extracts of yarrow, water pepper, shepherd's purse, nettle, raspberry leaves and other plants are used.

The most famous recipes:

The use of folk recipes is allowed only after learning the recommendations of a specialist, since uterine bleeding is considered a symptom of various diseases, often quite dangerous. Therefore, it is important to identify the source of such a condition, and start therapy as soon as possible.

What should not be done when bleeding occurs?

Bleeding of the uterus dangerous signal about failures in the female body. And you should respond appropriately to it. First you need to wait for an ambulance or find out the recommendations of a specialist.

Only a specialist can properly assess the condition, since there are a huge number of factors that can provoke uterine bleeding, and only clinical practice makes it possible to fully consider the problem.

Prohibited during bleeding:

• Apply a warm heating pad to the body;
• Perform douching;
• Bathe in a warm bath;
• Use medications that reduce the uterus, without the recommendation of a specialist.

Prevention

• Activities that strengthen the body: proper mode of work and rest, proper nutrition, lack of stress and negative emotions.
• Use the first time 1-2 monthly anti-inflammatory drugs.
• For the first time 1-2 monthly use of funds that stop the blood.
• hormone therapy. The approximate duration of therapy is from 3 months to six months. The weak effectiveness of such treatment indicates an incorrectly diagnosed cause of bleeding or an incorrect selection of the drug or its dosage, susceptibility, early termination of therapy.
• Complex of vitamins: vitamin C 1 gr. per day starting from the 16th day of the cycle, for 10 days; folic acid 1 tab. per day from the 5th day of the cycle for 10 days; tocopherol acetate for 2 months, multivitamin and mineral products that contain iron and zinc.
• Facilities that calm and stabilize the nervous system.
• Beneficial Enough affect the body physical education, fitness, swimming, jogging, yoga, dancing.