One of the most dangerous diseases transmitted through the digestive system is botulism. The disease manifests itself several hours after the botulinum bacterium enters the body and begins with vomiting, headaches and abdominal pain, but the temperature usually does not rise. The disease develops quickly and within a day can lead to visual impairment, muscle paralysis and death. The botulinum bacterium lives in the soil and multiplies in an oxygen-free environment (bacterial spores are very resistant to various environmental factors). The botulism bacterium enters the human body with vegetables, mushrooms, and poor-quality canned food.

One more dangerous disease is salmonellosis (caused by the bacterium salmonella). Infection with salmonellosis occurs through products - eggs, milk, meat. With this disease, frequent bowel movements (diarrhea) are observed, the patient quickly weakens and may die. The disease begins with high temperature, vomiting, abdominal pain.

Another very dangerous infectious disease is cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is contracted by drinking or ingesting water, swimming in contaminated water, or washing dishes with contaminated water. Infection can occur by eating food that is contaminated during storage or washing, or through contaminated hands. In addition, Vibrio cholerae can be carried by flies.

Helminthic diseases (helminthiasis)

Causes helminthic diseases- failure to comply with hygiene rules and consumption of food contaminated with worm eggs.

Ascaris - roundworm, lives in the human intestines, its length reaches 35 cm. Ascaris larvae develop in the intestines and through hepatic vein enter the liver, heart, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and then they return to the intestines, where they turn into adults. Roundworms can cause abdominal pain, vomiting and even appendicitis. Ascaris larvae, when they enter the lungs, can cause pneumonia.

Larvae flatworm- pork tapeworm (as well as bovine tapeworm) can develop in human muscles, causing serious illness.

Worms have very high fertility (for example, one female roundworm can lay up to 200,000 eggs per day, which, when released into the external environment with feces, can persist in the soil for several years).

Diseases of the stomach and duodenum

Gastritis- inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which due to various reasons(bacteria, mental trauma, improper use of medications, etc.) cannot cope with the effects of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach.

If gastritis is not treated promptly, a stomach ulcer may occur (damage to the mucous membrane, which in the most severe cases can lead to perforation - a through hole in the wall of the stomach). An ulcer of the duodenum (and in the part adjacent to the stomach) is also common.

Liver and gallbladder diseases

The liver often suffers from poor food hygiene. One of the reasons for the death of its cells may be inflammation of the liver - hepatitis (this is common name inflammatory liver diseases arising from various causes and requiring different treatments). One of the signs of hepatitis is jaundice - yellowing of the skin patient caused by a violation of the barrier function of the liver. Hepatitis is often viral in nature. The causative agent of the disease is resistant in conditions external environment a virus that is pathogenic only to humans. If the cause of liver destruction is eliminated in time, the part of the organ that remains undamaged can regenerate.

Under certain conditions, from the substances that make up bile, into gallbladder are formed gallstones. Stones irritate the walls of the gallbladder, leading to their inflammation - acute cholecystitis. If stones block the excretory duct of the pancreas, then inflammation develops in it - pancreatitis. If gallstones cause recurring pain, they are removed (sometimes the entire gallbladder is removed).

Prevention of diseases of the stomach and intestines.

The main and most important prevention of diseases of the digestive organs, and not only them, is the management healthy image life. This includes refusal bad habits(smoking, alcohol and others), regular exercise physical culture, elimination of physical inactivity (lead an active lifestyle), adherence to work and rest regimes, good sleep and other. It is very important to have a complete, balanced, regular diet, which ensures that the body receives the necessary substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, trace elements, vitamins), and monitoring of the body mass index.

Also to preventive measures include annual medical examinations, even if nothing bothers you. After 40 years, it is recommended to carry out annual ultrasonography abdominal organs and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. And in no case should the disease be allowed to progress; if symptoms appear, consult a doctor, and not self-medicate or only traditional medicine.

Compliance with these measures will help to avoid or identify and promptly begin treatment of diseases not only digestive system, but also the organism as a whole.

Nutrition for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Nutrition for diseases of the digestive system should be special. In this regard, in our country at one time Russian Academy Medical Sciences have developed special diets that are suitable not only for diseases of the digestive system, but also of other systems (diets are indicated in articles on the treatment of certain diseases). A specially selected diet is necessary in the treatment of diseases of the digestive system and is the key to successful treatment.

If regular enteral nutrition is not possible, parenteral nutrition is prescribed, that is, when the substances necessary for the body enter directly into the blood, bypassing the digestive system. Indications for the use of this diet are: complete esophageal dysphagia, intestinal obstruction, acute pancreatitis and a number of other diseases. Main Ingredients parenteral nutrition– amino acids (polyamine, aminofusin), fats (lipofundin), carbohydrates (glucose solutions). Electrolytes and vitamins are also introduced taking into account the body's daily needs.

Lectures

on diseases of small animals and birds

Part 1. Diseases of non-communicable etiology

2003

LECTURE No. 1. INTRODUCTORY. Respiratory diseases. Digestive diseases

Questions:

1. Respiratory diseases

1.1. Bronchopneumonia

1.2. Emphysema in carnivores

2. Diseases of the digestive system

2.1. Gastroenteritis

2.2. Acute gastric dilatation in fur-bearing animals

2.3. Stomach ulcer

1. RESPIRATORY DISEASES

1.1. Bronchopneumonia- inflammation of the bronchi and lungs.

ETIOLOGY. Primary reasons: hypothermia, swimming in cold water, drinking cold water by a hot dog, prolonged barking in the cold, inhalation of irritating gases, smoke, toxic vapors, etc., aspiration foreign objects. Secondary: for infectious diseases (plague, rabies, tuberculosis).

Inadequate feeding, lack of vitamins in the diet, especially A and C, lack of ultraviolet radiation, and poor hardening of dogs and cats contribute to the occurrence of bronchopneumonia. These factors lead to a decrease in the natural resistance of the body, against the background of which the association of nonspecific viruses and conditionally pathogenic microflora of the respiratory tract (pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci, salmonella, mycoplasma, adenoviruses, etc.) acquires etiological significance.

PATHOGENESIS. The inflammatory process in the lungs has the character of exudative, catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent, which leads to the accumulation of exudate in the cavity of the alveoli, and this in turn leads to a decrease in the respiratory surface of the lungs, impaired gas exchange, and a decrease in the content of carbon dioxide in the exhaled air. The accumulation of exudate in the lumen of the bronchi and alveoli leads to wheezing, bronchial noise and cough. Hypoxia of the body and absorption of toxic products of inflammation from the lungs lead to general intoxication of the body.

SYMPTOMS.

Bronchopneumonia can occur in acute, subacute and chronic forms. The disease begins with general oppression. An increase in body temperature of 1-2°C is recorded. The reaction to the environment decreases, weakness occurs, appetite is reduced or disappears. On the 2nd - 3rd days of the disease, symptoms of damage are clearly visible respiratory system : cough, increased intense breathing and shortness of breath, serous-catarrhal or catarrhal discharge from the nasal openings, hard vesicular or bronchial breathing, first dry and then moist rales in the bronchi and lungs. U large dogs

After a few days, percussion reveals areas of dullness in the area of ​​the anterior lobes of the lungs.

Subacute course is characterized by a duration of 2-4 weeks. Periods of fever alternate with non-febrile periods. The patient's condition improves and deteriorates. Clinical symptoms from the respiratory system are the same as in the acute course, but there are differences. The cough often comes in attacks, the nasal discharge is serous-mucopurulent. Patients lose weight and are stunted in growth and development. Bronchopneumonia is often complicated by other diseases. The chronic course is mainly observed in weakened young animals and old dogs and cats. There is emaciation of animals, the coat and hair are tousled, dull, the elasticity of the skin decreases, and the formation of dandruff. The cough is prolonged, painful, and comes in attacks. Most of the lungs are affected, with the alveolar lung tissue replaced by connective tissue.

Emphysematous areas appear. Symptoms of cardiovascular failure and functional disorders increase gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, eczema, dermatitis, anemia, etc. occur.

At lobar pneumonia the disease develops quickly, the animal is depressed, there is no appetite, body temperature rises to 41-42 o C, thirst, breathing is rapid, conjunctivitis develops, the pulse is rapid. The animal has a dry cough, wheezing, and nasal discharge, which dries on the nasal planum, clogging the nasal passages. On 7-8 days after the onset of the disease, the process resolves, and in the absence of treatment, the disease becomes more complicated.

At aspiration bronchopneumonia An extensive pneumonic focus arises, in which, in the future, purulent-necrotic decay of the lung tissue and lung gangrene develops.

PATHOLOGANATOMICAL CHANGES. The lungs are dark red to grayish-red in color, dense to the touch. On the cut - a gray-bloody fluid appears, in the subacute course - purulent foci in the lungs, in the chronic course - connective tissue. There is exudate in the lumen of the bronchi.

DIAGNOSIS is made comprehensively based on medical history, clinical signs and pathological changes. Blood tests are characterized by neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, lymphopenia, eosipopenia, monocytosis, increased ESR, decreased reserve alkalinity and catalase activity of the blood, a relative decrease in albumin and an increase in globulin fractions, a decrease in the saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood with oxygen.

During X-ray examination in the initial stages of bronchopneumonia in the cranial and cardiac lobes of the lungs, homogeneous foci of shading of moderate density, blurring of the pulmonary field, veiling of the anterior border of the heart, and unclear contours of the bronchial tree are recorded. The contours of the ribs in the areas of pneumonic lesions are clearly visible. In case of a chronic course and localized lesion in the lungs, areas of the apical, cardiac lobes, dense, well-contoured foci of shading are identified, the anterior border of the heart is invisible in most cases, the contours of the ribs in the affected areas are not clearly visible. In the dorsal areas of the lung adjacent to the spine, areas of pulmonary emphysema and increased contours of the bronchial pattern are noticeable.

TREATMENT. Therapy of bronchopneumonia is most effective in the initial period, when the process is serous-catarrhal or catarrhal in nature. It must be comprehensive.

First, the specific causes of the disease are eliminated. Dogs and cats are placed in separate, clean, warm, draft-free rooms with moderately humid air, and rest is prescribed. Walking dogs is prohibited during treatment.

The neck and chest of the sick animal are wrapped in thick woolen cloth. Vodka compresses are indicated on the chest area for 2-4 hours in the evening or at night. Liquid honey is given inside, one teaspoon or tablespoon daily for 5-10 days in a row. For dogs of smooth-haired breeds, mustard plasters are placed on the chest area, in the area of ​​the shoulder blades for 5-7 days in a row (if the body temperature is not higher than 39.5 0 C). Bandages on the chest area with warm salt, ash or cereal have a good warming effect. In this case, the thermal effect lasts for several hours. Warm heating pads on the abdomen and chest are helpful. Daily warming of the limbs several times a day in hot water (40-50 ° C) with the addition of mustard for 10-20 minutes is recommended, depending on the condition of the animal. The appearance of profuse nasal discharge during this procedure indicates a good therapeutic effect. Various household lamps with infrared rays are widely used to deeply warm the neck and chest of the animal.

Dietary food is prescribed. The patient should always have pure water room temperature or slightly warmed. It is advisable to add to it a small amount of decoctions and infusions of medicinal plants that have expectorants (marshmallow, anise, blue cyanosis, plantain leaves, dill, wild rosemary, oregano, coltsfoot, pine buds, tricolor violet, elecampane and thermopsis lanceolate) or anti-inflammatory (mustard, marigold, chamomile, string, sage, eucalyptus, oak bark, cinquefoil erecta, cudweed, yarrow) properties according to the instructions on the package.

Because respiratory diseases are often accompanied by indigestion, and with bronchopneumonia always, then in the first days of the disease, easily digestible, low-irritating foods are prescribed, such as chicken or beef broth, raw and boiled eggs, one 2-3 times a day for 7-10 days in a row, boiled minced meat or finely ground chicken or beef meat, rice or oatmeal liquid porridges or decoctions of flax seeds and rice in small portions are useful. On the 4-6th day from the start of treatment, depending on the clinical condition of the patient, fresh lactic acid products at room temperature are added to the diet. On the 8-10th day of treatment, the dog or cat is gradually transferred to a normal diet.

For severe painful coughs, cough tablets are prescribed orally, one 2-3 times a day. Among the antitussives, broncholitin, glauvent, libexin, tusuprex and falimint are widely used according to the instructions.

Inhalations pairs of expectorant and disinfectant solutions (2-3% sodium bicarbonate solution, boric acid, 0.5% - tannin, 0.1% - potassium permanganate, 0.2% - rivanol), solution of furatsilin 1:5000, menthol, alum, turpentine, creolin, ichthyol, sulfonamides, antibiotics, nitrofurans.

From analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs, except those mentioned above medicinal plants, use amidopyrine, analgin, antipyrine, aspirin, baralgin, spazgan, pentalgin, pirkofen, citramon, sedalgin, asphen, benalgin, reopirin, indomethacin, sodium methyl salicylate, ortofen, paracetamol, pyramidant, salicylamide and others, which are given orally or injected intravenously and intramuscularly according to the instructions for their use.

Among the expectorants, in addition to the above-mentioned medicinal plants that have these properties, mucosalvin, mucaltin, pertussin, bromhexine, bronchicum, broncholitin, glycyram, ledin, solutan, breast elixir, lycorin, breast collection for dogs and cats and others according to the instructions.

In the complex treatment of bronchopneumonia, antimicrobial drugs are used: antibiotics, sulfonamides, nitrofurans. Antibiotics are used taking into account the sensitivity of the microflora to them, and when prescribed, contraindications for their use.

Of the domestic antibiotics, the following are prescribed primarily: ampiox intramuscularly or subcutaneously, ampicillin sodium or trihydrate 10-500 mg 3-4 times a day for 5-10 days in a row orally or intramuscularly, penicillin orally or benzylpenicillin intramuscularly and subcutaneously 5-10 thousand units /kg body weight 3-4 times a day, for infectious bronchopneumonia the dose of penicillin is increased to 10 million units/day, bicillin-3 is administered intramuscularly at 50-600 thousand. ED 1 time every 3 or 7 days.

Cephalosporins have a good effect - kefzol, caricef, cefamezin, epocilin, claforan, fortum, longacef, azlocillin, cephalothin, etc. These antibiotics are slightly toxic and even in large doses are well tolerated by dogs. They are administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally every 6-12 hours at 10-50 mg/kg for 7-10 days in a row. Along with them or separately, penicillin antibiotics, streptomycin and some sulfonamides can be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

Preparations from the chloramphenicol group are also effective: chloramphenicol stearate and succinate, chloramphenicol, which are used according to the instructions in doses of 0.1-0.5 g 3-4 times a day for 5-10 days in a row. Other antibiotics are also widely used: gentamicin sulfate, kanamycin sulfate, lincomycin, dalacin, lincocin according to the instructions. Quinolones are very convenient, for example, baytril (enrofloxacin), which can be administered intramuscularly once a day for 3-5 days in a row. Tetracyclines are poorly tolerated by dogs and cats due to their high allergenicity and are therefore used extremely rarely.

Of the sulfonamides, carnivores are prescribed for respiratory diseases: sulfadimezin - foxes and arctic foxes 0.1-0.2 g, minks and sables 0.1 g orally 2 times a day for 5-7 days, norsulfazole - foxes and arctic foxes 0.1-0, 3 g, minks 0.02-0.1 g, fox and arctic fox puppies 0.05-0.1 g orally 2 times a day for 5-7 days, norsulfazole, sulfalene, sulpha-dimethoxin, etazol, phthalazole, biseptol, groseptol or septrim 1/4-1 tablet. 2-4 times a day for 5-10 days in a row after feeding. You can also successfully use salazodimethoxin, salazopyridazine, streptocide, sulgin, sulfazin, sulfacyl, urosulfan, etc. orally for 5-10 days in a row in doses according to the instructions. Vetrim, cosulfazine, levotetrasulfan, urzofenicol, Biseptol-480 and other sulfonamides are administered by injection to dogs and cats strictly according to the instructions.

In parallel with antimicrobial substances, vitamin and multivitamin preparations are prescribed in the form of powders, tablets, capsules, dragees or solutions. For bronchopneumonia, the following are needed primarily: ascorbic acid, retinol, B vitamins, nicotinic acid, rutin, vikasol, cocarboxylase, tocopherol and calfitserol. Among the multivitamins used are Aevit, Ascorutin, Aerovit, Gendevit, Hexavit, Heptavit, Decamevit, Kvadevit, Pangexavit, Revit, Ribavit, Unicap, Duavit, Polivit, Zoovit, vitamin preparations, Tetravit, Undevit, Essentiale Forte, fortified fish oil, Hepaliv, Trivitamin or furry in therapeutic doses according to the annotation.

In combination with antimicrobial agents, proteolytic enzymes and substances are used that expand the lumen of the bronchi and dilute the clots of mucus that accumulate there. These drugs include trypsin, trypsinogen, pepsin 1-2 mg/kg of animal weight, lysozyme (intramuscular 100 mg 2 times a day for 7 days), chymopsin, as well as ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease, which are most effective for viral pneumonia.

To relieve spasms and expand the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles, a 12% solution of aminophylline 1-3 ml or 0.5-2 ml of a 24% solution is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly; intravenously 2-10 ml of a 2.4% solution in 10 ml of a 20% glucose solution; subcutaneously 5% ephedrine solution 1-2 times a day, 0.5-1.5 ml. For the same purpose, diprophylline, diprofen, papaverine, theobromine, theodibaverine, theophedrine, theophylline, solutan and others are used according to the instructions. As an antiallergic agent that reduces the permeability of vascular walls for the entire period of treatment, it is recommended to prescribe calcium chloride orally or by injection 2-3 times a day (IV only - be careful!) or gluconate at 0.25 - 0.5 g, suprastin at 0.01 - 0.025, diphenhydramine 0.01-0.025 g, pipolfen 0.01-0.025 g, tavegil 0.5-1 mg, as well as fenkarol, ephedrine orally 0.01-0.025 g 2-4 times day or parenterally 0.5-1 ml of 5% solution and others according to the instructions.

In case of severe bronchopneumonia, the antihistamine effect can be enhanced by prescribing glucocorticoids: cortisone and hydrocortisone acetate orally, 0.05-0.1 g/day in 3-4 doses; intramuscularly in the form of a suspension of 0.01-0.025 g 1-2 times a day, prednisolone orally 0.01-0.025 g/day in 3 divided doses or intravenously 0.01-0.025 g per 1 ml, as well as deoxycorticosteroids - dexamethasone , Kenalog-40, depomedrol and soliphenhydrol according to the instructions.

To increase the body's nonspecific resistance, especially at the onset of the disease, it is recommended to administer specific and nonspecific serums to sick dogs: gamma globulins, beta globulins, immunoglobulins and nonspecific polyglobulins in dosages according to the guidelines or accompanying labels on the packages. For the same purpose, instead of globulins, other well-known immunomodulators can be used: interferon, thymogen, thymalin, decaris, timoptin, comedon, anandin, cycloferon, taktivin, dibazol, etc. in therapeutic doses.

When clinical signs characteristic of intoxication appear, it is recommended to use a 5-40% glucose solution (10-200 ml), a 40% hexamethylenetetramine solution (1-10 ml), a 0.9% sodium chloride solution (10-500 ml), Ringer-Locke solution, disol, polyglucin, sanasol, rheogem, trisol drip, etc.

Good healing effect obtained in the complex treatment of dogs using novocaine solutions, including blockade of the lower cervical sympathetic nodes.

Simultaneously with etiotropic and pathogenetic therapy, it is desirable, especially in severe cases of the disease, to use other means of replacement and symptomatic therapy, taking into account the specific results of clinical and laboratory studies of the animal.

PREVENTION. In case of bronchopneumonia, the breed and age of the animal, the natural and climatic conditions in which it is located should be taken into account.

The system of preventive measures should be based on compliance with zoohygienic standards for keeping dogs and cats and adequate feeding.

The room where the animal is kept must be insulated so that there are no drafts or sudden daily temperature fluctuations. Pay attention to eliminating excess moisture. In order to prevent the accumulation of large amounts of harmful gases and microflora in the room, it is promptly ventilated (without animals) and disinfected. Dogs kept in warm rooms should be given water at room temperature.

1.2. Emphysema - pathological increase lungs in volume due to expansion of the alveoli with loss of their elasticity and inability to collapse during exhalation. Emphysema can be alveolar and interstitial, acute and chronic, diffuse and local (vicarious). Alveolar emphysema is associated with expansion of the lungs due to an increase in the volume of the alveoli, and interstitial occurs when air penetrates into the interstitium (interlobular connective tissue), due to rupture of bronchi and caverns.

According to its clinical course, emphysema is divided into acute and chronic. Alveolar disease is more common in sporting and hunting dogs; interstitial disease is reported very rarely.

ETIOLOGY. Acute alveolar emphysema occurs when the alveolar tissue is overstrained during frequent and intense breathing, when the pulmonary alveoli, filled to the limit with air, are strongly compressed during exhalation. Such overexertion occurs during long running of dogs at sporting competitions, with excessive use of sled and hunting dogs. Chronic alveolar emphysema develops as a continuation of the acute one, if the animal has not fully recovered, and the etiological factors continue to operate. Most often, chronic alveolar emphysema develops as a secondary disease in chronic diffuse bronchitis, peribronchitis and bronchospasms (asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma). The disease is also recorded in stenosis of the larynx, trachea and bronchi, chronic pneumonia and pleurisy. In the occurrence and development of alveolar pulmonary emphysema, a certain role is played by allergic factors (inhalation of fungal spores, plant pollen, etc. by dogs) and hereditary predisposition (purebreds are more often affected). Cause interstitial emphysema- penetration of air into the interlobular connective tissue when the walls of the bronchi and caverns rupture during excessive physical exertion. It occurs when the lungs are injured by foreign piercing objects and fangs during fights between animals.

Vicarious (compensatory) emphysema in certain areas of the lungs occurs when the respiratory capacity of the lungs decreases, unilateral pneumothorax, pleurisy, bronchopneumonia.

PATHOGENESIS. Due to an increase in the amount of residual air in the lungs, stretching of the walls of the alveoli occurs, their expansion, decrease in elasticity, and subsequently (chronic course) atrophy of the interalveolar and interindifibular septa. The exhalation process involves the exhalation muscles, putting pressure on the bronchioles, which leads to their further narrowing and difficulty in releasing air from the alveoli. In the chronic course, due to atrophy of the interalveolar septa, large cavities are formed, which significantly reduces the respiratory capacity of the lungs.

Chronic emphysema develops from chronic diffuse bronchitis, microbronchitis, accompanied by a severe, prolonged cough. With chronic emphysema, expansion, atrophy and rupture of the walls of the alveoli, loss of their elasticity, compression of the capillaries and impaired circulation in the lungs occur.

With interstitial emphysema, air accumulates in the interlobular connective tissue of the lungs due to damage to the alveoli, walls of small bronchi and bronchioles. Damage to lung tissue can occur when severe cough, vomiting, difficult childbirth, falling. Air accumulated in the interstitial tissue of the lungs compresses the alveoli and reduces their respiratory surface.

SYMPTOMS. Patients with acute alveolar emphysema experience rapid fatigue even after slight physical exertion. Severe shortness of breath is characteristic, during breathing sharp movements of the costal walls and abdominals are visible, the nostrils are dilated, sometimes breathing is accompanied by groans, dogs breathe with open mouth. During auscultation in the anterior parts of the lungs, hard vesicular breathing is usually heard, the percussion sound of the pulmonary field is boxy and loud. A characteristic symptom is a displacement of the caudal border of the lungs back by 1-2 ribs; in some cases, this border extends beyond the last rib. Body temperature is normal and in rare cases subfebrile. Most patients experience a compensatory increase in cardiac activity: increased heart rate, increased heart sounds, especially the second. If the course of the disease is favorable, after eliminating the physical stress of the animal and giving it rest, the symptoms of acute alveolar emphysema may disappear within a few days.

With chronic alveolar emphysema, characteristic expiratory shortness of breath gradually increases. The exhalation becomes tense and lengthened. It occurs in two phases: first, the chest quickly descends, and then after a short period of time a powerful contraction of the abdominal wall is observed. During exhalation, retraction of the intercostal spaces is noticeable, and a depression (ignition groove) is clearly defined at the border of the chest and abdominal walls. Despite intense breathing, the exhaled stream of air is weak. During percussion throughout the entire pulmonary field, a loud box sound is clearly detected; the percussion border of the lungs is moved 1 to 4 intercostal spaces back. Auscultation establishes weakened vesicular breathing, weakened cardiac impulse, increased diastolic heart sounds, and increased heart rate. After physical activity, the symptoms of expiratory dyspnea sharply intensify.

Interstitial emphysema is usually characterized by an acute and rapid course. When air penetrates into the interlobular connective tissue in animals, the general condition sharply worsens with increasing signs of asphyxia: progressive shortness of breath, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, cardiovascular failure. On auscultation in the lungs there are fine rales and crepitus. Under the skin in the neck, chest, sometimes back and croup, crepitus of air bubbles is found (subcutaneous emphysema).

PATHANATOMY. See pathogenesis.

The DIAGNOSIS of acute alveolar emphysema is made by shortness of breath after a fast, long run - based on the results of percussion, auscultation and fluoroscopy of the lungs.

X-ray examination reveals clearing of the pulmonary field in emphysematous areas of the lungs, increased bronchial pattern, and backward displacement of the dome of the diaphragm. In dogs, a compensatory increase in the number of red blood cells and the amount of hemoglobin in the blood is often recorded, and sometimes eosinophilia and monocytosis. The differential diagnosis excludes pneumonia, pleurisy, hydrothorax, hemothorax, pneumothorax.

TREATMENT. Physical activity is completely stopped, an optimal hygienic regime is created for the animals, rest is provided, and a fortified, easily digestible diet is provided. To expand the lumen of the bronchi and reduce shortness of breath, a 0.1% solution of atropine, a 5% solution of ephedrine or oral aminophylline is administered subcutaneously daily for 5-7 days in a row (0.1-0.2 g per dog per dacha) .

In the presence of allergic etiological factors, fenkarol, intal, noxiron, delagil, calcium chloride, bromides, aminazine, suprastin, propazin, pipolfen are recommended. In the complex of drug treatment, cardiac and general tonics are used (a solution of camphor in oil, Corinfar, ramipril, angiopril, protenol, adversuten, proserin, glucose, cardiac glycosides). In case of complications with bronchitis, expectorants and iodides are prescribed. Chronic emphysema is practically incurable due to the development of organic changes in the lung tissue. Patients with chronic alveolar emphysema, if they do not represent significant breeding and decorative value, are discarded or used with minimal physical activity. During periods of its exacerbation, symptomatic therapy and physiotherapy (sollux, inductotherapy, UHF, UV irradiation, dosed insolation) are indicated.

PREVENTION is aimed at protecting carnivores from physical exertion, hypothermia, compliance with the rules of training sports dogs and timely treatment of patients with bronchitis and bronchial asthma, improving the conditions of keeping and feeding the animal, stimulating resistance, and preventing exposure to allergens.

2. Diseases of the digestive system

2.1. Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine, accompanied by digestive disorders, immune response and intoxication of the body.

ETIOLOGY. The disease occurs as a result of errors in feeding animals - feeding of poor quality (containing rancid fat, decomposed, contaminated with bacteria and fungi) feed, poisoning, violation of the feeding regime, overfeeding, etc. A common cause of the disease is a food allergy to a particular feed.

Symptoms of gastroenteritis can be accompanied by various infectious and invasive diseases - escherichiosis, salmonellosis, streptococcosis, plague, viral enteritis, helminthiasis, etc. Dysbacteriosis, which often develops with the use of antibiotics, plays a major role in the etiology of gastroenteritis.

PATHOGENESIS. Under the influence of the etiological factor, an inflammatory and dystrophic process develops in the stomach, small and large intestine. Cavity and membrane (parietal) digestion is disrupted. Congenital and acquired enzymatic deficiency (enzymeopathy) of the intestine increases, which accelerates the processes of lipid peroxidation. The functions of the immune system as a whole are impaired and immune system intestines in particular, which leads to damage to the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines by antibodies sensitized by lymphocytes. At the same time, dysbacteriosis develops. The functions of the endocrine gastrointestinal system are upset. The motor function of the stomach and intestines is impaired. As a result, many food components, without being absorbed, follow in transit through the gastrointestinal tract. Intoxication increases in the body, dehydration occurs due to diarrhea, and the functions and functioning of many organs and tissues are disrupted.

SYMPTOMS. Depending on the nature of the inflammation, gastroenteritis can be catarrhal, hemorrhagic, fibrinous, phlegmonous, etc. Depending on the course, acute and chronic.

Sick dogs and cats experience depression, decreased or lack of appetite. Body temperature is at the upper limit of normal or elevated. With gastroenteritis resulting from poisoning, or with debilitating diarrhea, the temperature is usually below normal. Thirst is moderate or absent. Vomiting sometimes with blood and diarrhea appear. Feces are liquid, foamy with mucus, and sometimes blood, with an unpleasant odor. The animal often lies down and there is pain in the abdominal area. The disease can last up to two weeks or more, and if untreated it progresses to chronic form leading to exhaustion of the animal.

Diffuse fibrinous, hemorrhagic and purulent gastroenteritis and gastroenterocolitis are severe. Body temperature rises by 1-2 0 C. Dogs and cats are sharply depressed. Pain syndrome - colic - occurs and intensifies. Appetite disappears. Vomiting appears and becomes more frequent. Vomit may contain food particles, mucus, saliva, blood and bile. When examining the oral cavity, its mucous membrane is covered with saliva, and there is a white or gray coating on the tongue. Gastric motility and intestinal peristalsis are enhanced at the onset of the disease, but with increasing intoxication and dehydration of the body, they weaken or disappear. Defecation is frequent, the stool is liquid with a lot of mucus and undigested food particles, sometimes there is steatorrhea (fat in the feces). Depending on the nature of the inflammation, dense clots of fibrin, thick films or compacted clots of mucus, blood that colors the stool red or brown, sometimes pus, gas bubbles, and blood clots can be found in the fecal matter. On palpation, the abdominal wall is tense and painful. In carnivores, this causes anxiety and sometimes aggressiveness. The intestinal loops are not elastic, inactive, painful. As a result of frequent diarrhea, the animal becomes dehydrated. The eyes are sunken. The skin loses its elasticity, the hair becomes dull and dry. The animal is losing weight. The paws, ears, nose and tip of the tail become cold. Visible mucous membranes are pale, bluish, sometimes with a jaundiced tint. Signs of cardiovascular failure are increasing. Heartbeat broken. The pulse is arrhythmic and weak.

PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL CHANGES. With this disease, the mesenteric vessels are injected, the lymph nodes are swollen and hyperemic. With serous inflammation, there is swelling and hyperemia of the mucous membrane, often with hemorrhages. Acute catarrhal gastroenteritis is accompanied by uneven hyperemia of the mucous membrane, swelling and loosening, loss of shine, and folding.

In most cases, a lot of mucus is found in the stomach and intestines in the form of strands, thick films or large compacted clots.

The contents are usually liquid, cloudy, with a lot of mucus, sometimes mixed with blood.

TREATMENT: Fasting for the first 12-24 hours with free access to water or rehydration solutions. The digestive tract is cleared of its contents, laxatives are prescribed (castor oil for a dog in a dose of 15-30 ml), buckthorn extract in tablets (1 tablet with a solution of ichthyol in a 0.5% concentration mixed with a solution of potassium permanganate), deep enemas are given 1% - a solution of sodium bicarbonate or tannin (3:1000) at a temperature of 40 o C. Enemas of chamomile infusions are also used (1-2 tablespoons per 1 glass of boiling water). It is filtered and 1/3 teaspoon of sodium chloride is added.

On the 2-3rd days of treatment, small amounts of liquid (in water, fish or meat broth) rice or oatmeal porridge, decoctions of rice, oats or flax seed are introduced into the diet.

On days 3-4, add a small amount of boiled chicken or ground beef to the porridge (1-2 tablespoons per meal).

On the 4th-5th days of treatment, small amounts of fresh, room temperature low-fat lactic acid products are added to the above diet: yogurt, kefir, milk, acidophilus, bifidoc, bifilife, infant formula. On these same days, rice and oatmeal You can cook with milk or replace them with others - semolina, millet, barley, buckwheat. It is advisable to use flaxseed decoction in the diet from the first days of treatment.

On days 7-9, boiled finely chopped vegetables are introduced into the diet - cabbage, some carrots, potatoes, turnips, lettuce. Vegetables are finely chopped and added to soup and porridge.

Starting from the 9-10th day of treatment, dogs are transferred to a regular diet.

In case of severe dehydration and exhaustion of the animal, artificial feeding through the rectum with nutritious and medicinal fluids is useful. 5-20% glucose, 0.9-1% sodium chloride, as well as Ringer and Ringer-Locke solutions are used as nutrient solutions. They are administered into the rectum 3-4 times a day in an amount of 50-500 ml after a cleansing enema. In the same way, rice, oatmeal decoctions, chicken or beef broth, rehydron, milk and combinations of these substances are administered into the rectum.

Among the means for parenteral nutrition of sick dogs and cats, plasma substitutes are used, which are administered intravenously. Polyglucin and reopoliglucin drip up to 50-400 ml per day. Hydrolysine, which is administered intravenously (daily dose up to 200 ml), also has good healing properties; polyamine intravenous drip (daily dose up to 500 ml); casein hydrolyzate; polyfer intravenous drip, etc.

For pain syndrome, bellasthesin is prescribed 1 tablet, valerian infusion 10 drops per dose. For the same purpose, sick dogs and cats are given almagel or almagel A 1-2 teaspoons 4 times a day, gastrofarm 1/2-1 tablet. 3 times a day, gastrotsepin, calmagin, anastezin, no-shpu or 0.5% solution of novocaine 1-2 tablespoons 4-6 times a day, etc. For low acidity - natural gastric juice 1 dessert spoon 30 minutes before feeding, bitterness (wormwood). For vomiting, cerucal, dog 0.1-0.2 mg/kg, IM, SC 3 times a day before feeding. For hyperacid gastritis, artificial Carlsbad salt is used, for dogs 1-2.0, cats 0.5-1.0 3 times a day. Antibiotics are also used: chloramphenicol 0.01-0.02 g/kg, enteroseptol, intestopan 1 tablet 3 times a day, gentamicin 1-2 ml. Astringents (tannin 0.1-0.5 g, tanalbin up to 2.0), activated carbon. Nitrofuran preparations – furazolidone – for foxes, arctic foxes, minks and sables 30 mg, nutria 15 mg/kg m.f. 2 times a day for 7-10 days, phthalazole - for foxes, arctic foxes and nutria 0.3 - 0.5 g, for minks and sables 0.1 - 0.2 g orally 2 times a day for 5-6 days. If the animal is weak, give one tablespoon of Cahors 2-3 times a day, glucose, and vitamins.

PREVENTION. It comes down to careful veterinary and sanitary control over the quality of feed and the feeding regime of animals.

2.2. Acute dilatation of the stomach (tympany) is a disease accompanied by atony, gastric flatulence and ending in asphyxia. Recorded in foxes, arctic foxes, sables, minks, nutrias and rabbits.

ETIOLOGY. Tympany occurs as a result of feeding live brewer's or baker's yeast to animals, not neutralized low-quality feed. The feed mixture, due to the presence of rotting components or yeast, undergoes fermentation with the release of huge amounts of gases during its preparation and transportation to the farm. Such food, eaten by an animal, leads to acute expansion stomach. The breakdown products of poor-quality feed and microbial toxins directly cause gastric atony or pyloric spasm, thereby creating favorable conditions for fermentation. Thermal treatment of meat feed is not a reliable measure for the prevention of tympany if such feed is given in large quantities during the hot season. Tympany in foxes and arctic foxes can also occur when overfeeding with good-quality food, which is often observed when switching from twice-a-day feeding to one-time feeding. Overfeeding also causes atony and spasm of the pylorus, which ends with fermentation of the feed mass in the stomach. Tympany is often observed with a sudden change of food (dry to green - in nutria), inclusion of undercooked grain in the diet, and with Aujeszky's disease.

In rabbits, tympania occurs when feeding grass that has been mowed and not dried, especially clover and other legumes.

PATHOGENESIS. The gases formed during the fermentation or decay of feed masses stretch the walls of the stomach, which puts pressure on the abdominal organs and diaphragm, making breathing and heart function difficult. Irritation of the stomach receptors by toxins causes a reflex spasm of the pylorus and cardia sphincters, as a result of which vomiting and migration of chyme into the intestines become impossible. Death occurs from asphyxia and cardiac paralysis.

SYMPTOMS. In the first hours after eating food, the volume of the abdomen increases and the tension of the abdominal wall increases. The animals are restless - they quickly move around the cage, lie down and get up, and drink water greedily. Breathing suddenly becomes difficult, the mucous membranes become blue, the animal’s mobility decreases to the limit, and sometimes there is a urge to vomit. Percussion in the stomach area produces a clear tympanic sound. Sometimes the stomach ruptures and gases escape into the subcutaneous tissue (crepitus is felt upon palpation).

PATHOLOGANATOMICAL CHANGES.

1. The stomach is enlarged in volume, contains a large amount of gases and feed mass sour smell or torn. The mucous membrane is hyperemic, with copious amounts of mucus or hemorrhages.

2. Catarrhal enteritis and intestinal flatulence.

3. Expansion of the heart.

4. Edema and hyperemia of the lungs.

5. Peritonitis.

DIAGNOSIS is made based on characteristic clinical signs of the disease, analysis of feed quality and autopsy results.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTICS. In the differential diagnosis, malignant edema is excluded, in which subcutaneous crepitus is also felt, but the color of the tissues on the cut is gray, the smell is unpleasant, the cut surface is moist, the submandibular space is very swollen and often crepitates, the mucous membrane of the lips and mouth often protrudes.

TREATMENT. Using a probe (rubber tube), gases are removed from the stomach, then the stomach is washed with weak solutions of potassium permanganate and rivanol. To weaken fermentation processes, 3-5 ml of a 5% lactic acid solution, 0.1-0.2 g of salol, 0.2-1.0 g of activated carbon or 5-8 ml of 10% ichthyol solution, antibiotics. Rub the stomach, lightly moistening it with volatile liniment. For constipation, rabbits are given an enema of warm, slightly soapy water and given orally to adults - 5-6, and to young animals 3-4 g of Glauber's salt dissolved in water. Periodically, the rabbit is released from the cage and forced to move. In emergency cases, surgery is used. The sick animal is fixed in the dorsal position. An injection needle is used to pierce the abdominal wall and stomach at the intersection of two lines, one of which runs 5 cm to the right of the white line, and the other 3 cm from the last rib. Gases are released gradually. After the operation, a starvation diet is prescribed. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to prevent peritonitis.

PREVENTION. The diet should not include poor quality or non-neutralized, rotting, fermented or self-heated feed. Houses, cages, food boards and drinking bowls are promptly cleaned of food residues in the warm season. When transferring animals to one-time feeding, it is important to ensure that the daily serving volume in the first 2-4 days is reduced by 1/3.

In order to eliminate cases of overfeeding, it is not allowed to keep weak and normally developed puppies together with stronger and more aggressive animals with an insatiable appetite.

When using a large amount of carbohydrate feed (sugar beets, sugar crumbs, starch, potatoes, etc.), it is contraindicated to include fruits and berries in the diet, since the latter can be a source of natural yeast. To avoid fermentation of the feed, brewer's and baker's yeast are added to the mixture only after heat treatment.

2.3. Stomach ulcer - a chronically relapsing disease characterized by the formation of ulcers in the stomach and, less commonly, in the duodenum. An ulcer is a necrotic defect of the mucous membrane.

ETIOLOGY. Long-term feeding with catering waste mixed with large amounts of salt, mustard, pepper and others irritants, as well as numerous imported feeds and supplements - the direct cause of the formation of ulcers. Violations of the feeding regime (long breaks in feeding, skipping the next feeding, etc.), feeding frozen fish, meat, hot food, bones, ice cream to hungry animals, exposure to stress (change of owner, violation of training methods, shouting, etc.) predispose to the disease. , chronic diseases, lactation exhaustion, B - hypovitaminosis, fatty degeneration, nephrosis, nephritis (peptic and uremic ulcers). A hereditary predisposition to the occurrence of gastric ulcers and erosions has been established. The disease in most cases occurs as a continuation of gastritis.

In nutria, ulcers occur with acetonemia and can occur with purulent-necrotic decay due to infection with salmonella, listeria, etc.

PATHOGENESIS. Initially, the gastric mucosa can be injured by sharp bone fragments, then an ulcer develops at the site of injury due to the above reasons. The development of an ulcer begins with a violation of the mucous barrier, where pepsin and hydrochloric acid have a local self-digesting effect on the stomach wall.

SYMPTOMS. The course of the disease is chronic, with rare exceptions. Against the background of signs of chronic gastritis (deterioration or perversion of appetite, frequent regurgitation), the ulcer in animals worsens general state, weakness and depression appear, and emaciation rapidly progresses. Characteristic signs are the appearance of vomiting several hours after eating food and the presence of bile and blood in the vomit.

On palpation in the left hypochondrium in the stomach area there is pain. Often there is constipation and blood in the stool.

PATHOLOGANATOMICAL CHANGES. On the mucous membrane of the stomach there are black-red or (when decomposed) yellowish-white lesions the size of a millet grain to a pea. Infected ulcers have a purulent-necrotic center and a demarcation ridge, the latter more often in nutria. In carnivores, flat ulcers without necrosis and granulation ridge predominate.

DIAGNOSIS. Palpation of the stomach area (in the left hypochondrium) determines pain. Intestinal motility is weakened, constipation is common, feces dark color. With a long course of the disease, the patient’s condition may improve, and then periods of exacerbation with sharp deterioration general condition and frequent vomiting with blood.

The diagnosis is confirmed by examination of gastric juice (increased acidity, presence of blood) and x-ray examination with a contrast mass (retention of the contrast agent at the site of the ulcer, sharply slowed evacuation of the contrast mass from the stomach into the duodenum). The reaction to the presence of blood pigments (occult blood) in feces during periods of exacerbation is positive.

TREATMENT. The diet consists of liquid or semi-liquid food with a sufficient amount of vitamins, especially vitamin U, milk soups, meat broths, tender liquid porridges, jelly with the addition of a small amount of vegetable oil, egg whites and milk.

Of the medicines, first of all, enveloping and adsorbing (mainly bismuth preparations) are prescribed - almagel, white clay, flax seed, de-nol, etc. The use of astringents is mandatory - oak bark, burnet, cinquefoil, chamomile flowers, string, blueberry fruits and bird cherry, chaga, as well as vicalin, basic bismuth nitrate, gastrocepin and gastrofarm. For stomach ulcers, nizatidine, ranitidine, roxatidine, cimetidine, gastal, Maalox, phospholugel, etc. are also effective in therapeutic doses. During the treatment process, medicinal substances from the groups of antispasmodics, sedatives, tranquilizers and analgesics are widely used.

The digestive system performs the function of processing food, separating proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and others necessary substances, and also ensures their absorption into the bloodstream. Let's look at the most common diseases of the digestive system.

The digestive organs include:

• esophagus;
• liver;
• gallbladder;
• stomach;
• pancreas;
• intestines.

Interruptions in normal operation These organs can cause serious consequences for human life. The performance of the gastrointestinal tract is closely related to environment and most diseases are largely dependent on exposure external factors(viruses, bacteria, etc.).

Remember! To avoid diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, you should not abuse food and drinks. Changes in digestive process

also cause emotional stress. Abdominal pain can occur in any part digestive tract

This is difficult or painful digestion. It may occur against the background of physical or emotional overload. It can be caused by gastritis, ulcers or inflammation of the gallbladder.

The main symptoms of dyspepsia: a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, gas, constipation, diarrhea, nausea. These discomfort symptoms may be accompanied by headaches or dizziness. Treatment is prescribed depending on specific reason diseases and includes taking medicines, introduction of a special diet.

Heartburn

Heartburn occurs due to insufficient closure of the sphincter. In this case, stomach acid can be thrown into the esophagus and cause irritation.

There are a number of factors that contribute to heartburn. This overweight, which causes compression of the abdomen, fatty or spicy foods, alcoholic drinks, caffeine, mint, chocolate, nicotine, citrus juices and tomato. The habit of lying down after eating also contributes to heartburn.

Acute pain in the stomach a symptom of various disorders of its functions. They often occur due to infections, obstruction, or eating foods that irritate the walls of the digestive tract.

The problem of colic in infant, although it is believed that they are caused by advanced education gases due to digestive disorders. Renal colic occur when stones are removed from the ureter before Bladder. Symptoms of colic are sometimes confused with appendicitis and peritonitis.

WITH medical point It is believed that with constipation, bowel movements occur less than 3 times a week. Constipation is not a disease, but a symptom of a disease. It may appear when:

• insufficient fluid intake;
• poor nutrition;
• lack of regularity in the process of defecation;
• in old age;
• lack of physical activity;
• pregnancy.

Constipation can also cause various diseases such as cancer hormonal disorders, heart disease or kidney failure. In addition, constipation can occur after taking certain medications.

Note! In itself it does not pose a danger, but if it continues long time, can lead to hemorrhoids or anal fissures.

Diarrhea

Diarrhea disturbance of intestinal rhythm accompanying loose stools. The process causes infections, viral or bacterial. It can occur when taking toxic substances that irritate the intestines or during emotional stress.

Hernias

A hernia is the prolapse of an organ or part of it through the wall of a cavity. Classification depends on their structure or location.

1. Inguinal hernia- prolapse of part of the intestine through the abdominal wall into the groin area.
2. A diaphragmatic hernia or hiatal hernia is a hole in the diaphragm that allows intestines to enter the chest cavity.
3. Umbilical hernia is the penetration of intestines through the abdominal wall under the skin of the navel.

Typically, hernias occur due to excess stress on weakened walls. An inguinal hernia can occur, for example, when coughing or defecating. It causes moderate pain. Intra-abdominal hernias are very painful. Some hernias can be reduced by applying gentle pressure to the prolapsed portion of the intestine. It is advisable to provide such assistance to older people. Surgery is recommended for young patients.

You should know! If a hernia is strangulated, emergency treatment is required. surgery

, as this can lead to gangrene within a few hours. The operation is performed to strengthen the cavity walls by applying sutures.

1. Gastritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
2. Acute gastritis causes erosion of the surface cells of the mucous membrane, nodular formations, and sometimes bleeding of the stomach walls. Chronic gastritis occurs when the mucous membrane gradually transforms into fibrous tissue

. The disease is accompanied by a decrease in the rate of gastric emptying and weight loss. Most common cause the occurrence of gastritis is smoking, drinking alcohol, stimulating drinks (tea, coffee), excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid into gastric juice and various infections

, including syphilis, tuberculosis and some fungal infections. Recently, scientists have found that the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is present in the gastric mucosa and duodenum

in 80% of patients with gastritis and peptic ulcer (stomach and duodenum). This discovery was revolutionary in the treatment of such diseases, to the point that taking antibiotics became one of the main directions.

Remember! Psychological stress is of no small importance in the occurrence of gastritis. in the abdomen and other symptoms of unknown causes are called irritable bowel syndrome. In some cases, this occurs due to disruption of the smooth muscles of the colon. This disease affects up to 30% of patients seeking consultation in gastroenterology.

Often the manifestations of diarrhea are associated with stressful situations. In some cases, such a disease may begin after a previous infectious disease. Of no small importance is proper nutrition. Some patients felt better after adding fiber to their diet. Others claim that relief comes from cutting down on carbohydrates and white bread.

Enteritis

Inflammatory bowel disease - enteritis. May manifest as abdominal pain, tingling, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea. Chronic enteritis can be caused by serious diseases requiring surgical intervention.

Acute enteritis is less severe, but in the elderly and children it can cause dehydration and even threaten their lives. Enteritis can be caused by chemical irritants, allergies or emotional stress. But the most common cause is infection (viral or bacterial).

Appendicitis - acute inflammation vermiform appendix of the intestine. Which is a tube 1-2 cm in diameter and from 5 to 15 cm in length. It is located, as a rule, in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. Removing it does not cause a change pathological nature. The most common cause of appendicitis is infection. Without treatment, the wall of the appendix is ​​destroyed and the contents of the intestine are poured into abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

Appendicitis is more common in young people. But it can appear at any age. Its typical symptoms are abdominal pain (especially in the lower right), fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea.

Know!

Treatment for appendicitis involves removing it.

Ulcers Ulcers can occur in the stomach or small intestine (duodenum). Except pain syndrome

, ulcers can lead to complications such as bleeding due to erosion of blood vessels. Thinning of the walls of the stomach or intestines or inflammation in the ulcer area causes peritonitis and gastrointestinal obstruction. Immediate cause peptic ulcer

Interesting! It is believed that Helicobacter pylori plays a role important role in the occurrence of stomach or duodenal ulcers. A connection has also been established that its appearance is due to an excess amount of hydrochloric acid, genetic predisposition, smoking abuse, psychological stress.

Depending on the causes of the ulcer, appropriate treatment is applied. These may be drugs that block the production of hydrochloric acid. Antibiotics work against the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. Alcohol and caffeine should be avoided during treatment. Although diet is not of paramount importance. In severe cases, surgery is necessary.

Pancreatitis

This inflammation of the pancreas occurs when enzymes are not removed from it, but are activated directly in this gland. Inflammation can be sudden (acute) or progressive (chronic).

1. Acute pancreatitis usually involves only an “attack”, after which the pancreas returns to its normal state.
2. In severe form, acute pancreatitis can put the patient's life at risk.
3. The chronic form gradually damages the pancreas and its functions, leading to fibrosis of the organ.

Pancreatitis can be caused by alcoholism or high consumption of fatty foods. Main symptom– pain in the upper abdomen, spreading to the back and lower back, nausea, vomiting, feeling of pain even with a light touch to the stomach. Often such an attack ends in 2-3 days, but in 20% the disease undergoes evolution, causing hypotension, respiratory and renal failure. In this case, part of the pancreas dies.

Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by periodic, recurring abdominal pain. Can provoke the disease diabetes. In 80% of cases it is caused by gallstones. Also influence the occurrence of this disease:

• renal failure;
• hypercalcemia;
• presence of a tumor;
• abdominal injuries;
• cystic fibrosis;
• stings of wasps, bees, scorpions, etc.;
• some medications;
• infections.

Treatment for pancreatitis depends on the severity. In 90% of patients with acute pancreatitis the disease passes without complications. In other cases, the disease drags on, becoming chronic. If improvement does not occur within the first hours or days, then, as a rule, the patient is transferred to intensive care.

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is called inflammatory process walls of the gallbladder. In this case, micro- and macroscopic changes occur, which develop from simple inflammation until the suppuration phase.

Symptoms can be varied (abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, yellowing of the skin, etc.). The attacks usually last for two or three days, but if left untreated they will continue. The onset of cholecystitis can be sudden or gradual.

There are several reasons that can cause or worsen cholecystitis. This is the presence of gallstones, infections in bile duct, tumors in the liver or pancreas, decreased blood circulation in the gallbladder.

Diverticulitis

A group of disorders of colon function in which inflammation of small pockets of the mucous membrane occurs ( inner shell intestines). These bags are called diverticula. When diverticula have no complications it is called asymptomatic diverticulosis. But if intestinal spasms and other symptoms occur, the disease is called diverticulitis.

Diverticulitis occurs when bowel movements are blocked and the colon becomes inflamed. Symptoms of diverticulitis: pain and fever. In severe cases, abscesses and intestinal obstruction occur.

Sometimes the walls of the large intestine become fused with small intestine or vagina. This occurs due to the formation of fistulas. In severe cases, intestinal contents enter the abdominal cavity, causing peritonitis.

Chronic illness liver, which leads to irreversible destruction of liver cells. Cirrhosis is the final stage of many diseases that affect the liver. Its main consequences are failure of the liver and increased blood pressure in the vein that carries blood from the stomach and gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

Note! Alcohol and hepatitis B are believed to be the main causes of liver cirrhosis. In countries with low alcohol consumption (eg Islamic countries), the prevalence of liver cirrhosis is much lower.

The digestive tract is a vital system in the body. Diseases of this system are usually the result of external factors such as diet and infections. From this we can conclude that in most cases this is the result of one’s own inattention and ignorance of a healthy diet and hygiene rules.

Many people do not pay attention to the emerging symptoms of diseases of the digestive system. This leads to the fact that at first they simply bring inconvenience, but over time they turn into serious illnesses which are very difficult to cure.

Treatment of gastritis and stomach ulcers is carried out comprehensively using medications, diets and remedies traditional medicine. These diseases are the most common types of inflammatory conditions of the mucous membrane...

Gastritis – inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa, in which severe irritation occurs, erosions occur that can ultimately lead to an ulcer. There are several different types...

Gastritis is a fairly common disease in modern times. Nowadays, an active and fast-paced lifestyle prevails, which does not always allow for rational and regular nutrition. As a result...

Gastritis - an inflammatory disease of the gastric mucosa - is an extremely common pathology today, which can cause many unpleasant symptoms and lead to other disorders...

Gastroenterology

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Gastroenterology– a special discipline that studies the structure, physiology and pathology of the digestive system, as well as issues of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system. Within gastroenterology there are narrower sections: for example, hepatology studies diseases of the liver and gall bladder, and proctology studies pathology of the large intestine and pararectal space. Big influence the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract is affected by the condition endocrine system, oral cavity, the presence of infectious agents in the body.

The digestive system includes a collection of many organs and glands that provide nutrients, necessary for the body for development and life. It permeates almost the entire body, starting oral cavity and ending with the rectum. Therefore, the pathology of even one of the digestive organs entails a disorder in the functioning of the digestive system as a whole. Modern ecology, stress, new food products and additives, as well as medications, cause or worsen gastrointestinal diseases.

Ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, cholelithiasis, ulcerative colitis. Serious problem modern society– intestinal dysbiosis, which occurs in the vast majority of people, including newborns.

Diseases of the stomach, pancreas, and intestines are often the root cause of many skin and metabolic diseases. The symptoms of diseases of the digestive system are very diverse and depend on the affected organ. Common manifestations include loss of appetite, abdominal pain, belching, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, flatulence, stool disorder, weakness, weight loss.