NMC in gynecology. Menstrual irregularities during the reproductive period are common

Currently, the most common reason for a woman to visit a gynecologist is failure menstrual cycle. This condition can be dangerous, as it indicates disturbances in the normal functioning of the female reproductive system. What is the decoding of NMC and possible reasons, leading to this condition, we will consider in the article.

What is NMC

NMCs are menstrual cycle disorders that can occur in every woman. This can be facilitated by: pathological causes(inflammation, hormonal imbalances) and physiological (pregnancy or the body’s reaction to climate change).

Menstruation is an integral part of a woman's life. The norm is a menstrual cycle, the duration of which is 21-35 days. It all depends on physiological characteristics female body. Single deviations from the norm for up to five days are not considered pathological, but if there are systematic delays in menstruation of 5 days or more, you should consult a doctor, as this may be a sign of NMC, which without timely treatment provokes serious complications.

Types of pathology and their symptoms

Symptoms of abnormalities can manifest themselves in different ways, depending on what type they are. Currently, experts identify the following menstrual cycle disorders:

• Algodismenorrhea. Painful periods which are accompanied by headache and general malaise. Intestinal disturbances, nausea, and mood swings may occur. In teenage girls during the formation of the cycle, this condition can be considered normal. This type violations is the most common.
• Amenorrhea. Characterized by the absence of menstruation for six months or more. It can be primary - when menstruation does not begin until the age of 16. In this case, the NMC in the ICD is code 91.0. Secondary amenorrhea occurs in women of reproductive age who have an established cycle. NMC of the amenorrhea type is a pathological condition that requires immediate treatment.
• Oligomenorrhea. Characterized by short menstruation - no more than two days. In ICD 10, NMCs of this type are coded 91.3-91.5.
• Hypomenorrhea. Scanty menstruation, in which the volume of blood released is very small.
• Hypermenorrhea. Very heavy periods.
• Menorrhagia. These are menstruation that occur without delay, but are abundant and last a very long time (over 7 days). This condition is not an independent disease, but a sign of other serious disorders in a woman’s body.
• Polymenorrhea. This is what we call frequent periods. In this case, the woman experiences a short menstrual cycle.

TO common features violations can be attributed nagging pain lower abdomen and lumbar region, dizziness, weakness, vomiting and stool disorders. Also, in some cases, obesity and infertility are observed.

Causes

The causes of menstrual irregularities may be the following factors:

• Pregnancy.
• Abortion.
• Stress, depression and any psycho-emotional stress.
• Climate change.
• Poor nutrition.
• Obesity.
• Lack of sleep.
• Avitaminosis.
• Improper organization of work and rest.
• Excessive physical exercise.
• Taking some medicines.
• Exposure to harmful substances or radiation.
• Using an intrauterine device, which can cause an increase in the volume of blood released.

Also, NMC is a unique response of the body to pathological processes occurring in any organs. Menstrual irregularities may be signs the following pathologies:

• Hormonal disorders.
• Ovarian dysfunction.
• Inflammatory or infectious processes.
• Congenital pathologies organs of the female reproductive system.
• Polycystic disease.
• Endometriosis.
• Uterine fibroids.
• Tumors.
• Pathologies thyroid gland or pituitary gland.
• Diabetes.
• Disturbances in the functioning of the adrenal glands and kidneys.
• Hyperplasia.
• Ovarian cysts.
• Trauma and postoperative period.

The occurrence of NMC in gynecology can also be caused by other factors that should be considered by the doctor on an individual basis.

The age of the patient should also be taken into account. For example, in adolescence, for a year and a half after the first menstruation, an irregular cycle may be the norm if diagnostic measures do not reveal other pathologies.

After childbirth and during breastfeeding, disruptions in the menstrual cycle occur due to hormonal changes.

After 40 years, NMCs may be a sign of the onset of menopause. In this case, there is a gradual decrease in reproductive function and ovarian activity. This condition is a variant of the norm.

If the violations occurred after 35 years, this may indicate either early menopause, as well as pathological processes requiring immediate treatment.

Diagnostics

NMC is a condition that in most cases indicates the development pathological processes in a woman's body. At the first signs, you should contact a gynecologist who will prescribe diagnostic measures. Based on their results, the most effective therapy in each specific case will be selected.

Timely and high-quality diagnosis will reduce the risk of complications to a minimum.

• First of all, if any cycle disorders occur, you should contact a gynecologist. At the appointment, the doctor collects an anamnesis of the disease, clarifies the presence of provoking factors - the presence stressful situations, sexual life, taking medications and others.
• An examination is carried out using gynecological speculum.
• Taking swabs laboratory research.
• Smears for oncocytology and STIs.
• General analysis urine and blood.
• Blood test for hormones. This is a very important diagnostic point, since many deviations are caused precisely by hormonal imbalances.
• Hysteroscopy.
• Colposcopy.
• Laparoscopic diagnostic method.
• Ultrasonography pelvic organs and, if necessary, the thyroid gland.
• MRI or CT scan of the brain (if the doctor sees the need for it).

Consultation with an endocrinologist may be required.

The diagnosis of NMC is made only after receiving the results of all prescribed tests.

Treatment

Since menstrual irregularities cause a large number of reasons, treatment is selected individually in each specific case. Therapy can be done with medication or surgically. Sometimes it is recommended to use traditional medicine. Let's take a closer look at treatment options.

Conservative method. Includes the following types of medications:

• Hormonal. Prescribed if tests reveal hormonal imbalances. With this treatment option, estrogens, analogues of thyroid hormones, gestagens and others can be used.
• Oral contraceptives, which can restore the menstrual cycle. But it is worth remembering that these drugs can cause allergic reactions.
• Hemostatic drugs. Prescribed for heavy menstruation. Application of this category medicines possible only after consultation with your doctor, as they can cause such side effect as the formation of thrombosis.
• Iron-containing medications for the treatment and prevention of anemia.
• Antispasmodics.
• Painkillers.
• Anti-inflammatory therapy.
• Antibiotics.
• Vitamin therapy.

Surgery. Applies if conservative therapy does not bring results, also with tumors and in the presence of cysts. During surgical intervention, abdominal surgery or laparoscopy is performed, which is a more gentle method.

ethnoscience

Folk remedies have proven themselves well in treatment of NMC associated with hormonal imbalances or absence of menstruation. It may be recommended to take decoctions and infusions of herbs such as oregano, parsley seeds, St. John's wort and others. Horsetail helps cope with painful menstruation.

It is worth remembering that the use of any traditional medicine must be agreed with the attending physician.

Consequences

NMC is pathological condition, which may be a sign of the development of serious diseases.

Cycle disturbances often lead to infertility. Hormonal imbalance affects the maturation of eggs, the thickness of the endometrium, as a result of which pregnancy either does not occur at all, or a miscarriage occurs early. If the failure is caused by disorders endocrine system, the whole body may suffer. This is due to the fact that all human organs and systems are interconnected. An imbalance of hormones disrupts the functioning of the entire body. Inflammatory processes without proper treatment can spread throughout the body, causing serious complications.

Prevention

TO preventive measures the following applies:

• Proper nutrition.
• Healthy image life.
• Weight control.
• Scheduled visit to the gynecologist.
• Moderate physical activity.
• Preventing abortions.

Conclusion

Menstrual irregularities can occur in women at any period of reproductive age. These deviations can either be the norm or indicate serious problems with women’s health, which without timely treatment can lead to irreparable consequences. It is necessary to listen to your body and at the first signs of NMC, contact a gynecologist.

Nature intended regular periods: an indicator of a woman's health. Gynecologists believe that by the age of 15, a girl should have a menstrual cycle. This is a complex set of biochemical processes occurring in the body with a certain periodicity. Brain structures - the cortex and subcortical formations - take part in it; organs of the endocrine system - adrenal glands, thyroid, ovaries.

The coordinated work of the body's systems provides the “gold standard”: a 28-day cycle. Its duration of 26-38 days is considered normal. This includes the interval from the first day of menstruation to next first day. A delay or shortening of the cycle by five to seven days is considered normal.

Types of menstrual cycle disorders (MCI)

Too frequent periods or, on the contrary, infrequent periods should cause alarm. Their absence for several months is a serious cause for concern. Scarcity of discharge, abundance, short duration (one or two days), prolonged duration - deviations from the norm. The following types of NMC are most often diagnosed in gynecology:

1. Hyperpolymenorrhea: a short menstrual cycle of 14 to 21 days is accompanied by a long period heavy bleeding – from 7 to 12 days. It is fraught with blood loss, and this huge pressure on the body and subsequently leads to disruption of the adaptation mechanism. Such NMC often indicates serious problems women's health.
2. Oligomenorrhea occurs in 3% of cases. The interval between menstruation can last 40-180 days; they themselves occur in two to three days. Diagnosed more often in young women. The disease is accompanied by increased body weight and problems with conception.
3. Polymenorrhea is a common disorder. If the duration of the cycle is not disturbed, heavy and prolonged blood loss is observed: more than seven days.
4. Almost half of women under the age of 50 are diagnosed with algomenorrhea. It manifests itself as cramping, severe or muted pain in the lumbar region, headache, nausea, and malaise. Symptoms may go away after a few hours, sometimes after a day.

Over the course of several years, fluctuations in cycle duration and changes in the amount of discharge in women after forty have been observed. These are signals of extinction of ovarian activity, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of their work. In this case, the diagnosis of NMC indicates the onset of premenopause. The condition is considered physiological, natural and continues until entering menopause.

Causes of menstrual irregularities

Some women have a long menstrual cycle, which is genetically determined. Very often, the cause of disturbances is psychophysical factors: overwork, moving to another place of residence with a change in time zone, stress, anxiety before an important exam, taking certain medications and even extreme heat in the summer.

Systematic lack of sleep has a powerful negative effect: in the early morning hours, a woman’s body actively synthesizes hormones that regulate monthly cycles. A completely banal cause of failure can be a urethrogenital infection: mycoplasma, chlamydia, uroplasma.

Conscientious anti-inflammatory treatment will relieve problems. Uncontrolled adherence to diets causes a general distortion of metabolism and entails NMC. The consequences of diabetes mellitus, obesity, thyroid diseases, hypertension, and anorexia can be NMCs.

Diagnostics

Based on the woman’s complaint, the doctor prescribes an examination. At the same time, menstrual irregularities themselves are only a symptom. Diagnostic activities usually include:

• study of the hormonal state of the body;
• conducting an ultrasound examination to exclude pathologies in the pelvic organs;
• laboratory analysis of a vaginal smear.

Treatment of NMC

The attending physician chooses adequate measures based on the results of the examination. The arsenal of methods includes: hormone therapy, physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibacterial drugs. In some cases it is possible surgery. Often, gentle techniques, such as homeopathic remedies, have a corrective effect.

Menstrual irregularities can happen at any age. The reproductive period of a woman is no exception. Irregularities in the menstrual cycle during the reproductive period are caused by various factors. Even if a woman is adolescence did not have any problems with menstrual function, then during the reproductive period she should definitely consult a doctor in order to eliminate the cause that led to the disruption of the menstrual cycle and restore fertility. The main violation of the cycle in reproductive age, as in all other ages, is dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

What is the reproductive period

The reproductive period, or the period of puberty, is the age of a woman from 18 to 45 years. It is at this time that a woman is considered functionally mature and has fertility (that is, the ability to bear children). In addition, during the reproductive period, the menstrual cycle is regular and established.

Causes of menstrual irregularities during the reproductive period

The cause of menstrual dysfunction during the reproductive period is disorders in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system, which leads to anovulation. Factors causing these disorders may be disturbances of hormonal homeostasis (abortion), diseases of the endocrine glands (adrenal glands, thyroid and others), neuroendocrine diseases (Cushing's disease, postpartum obesity), emotional and mental stress, infections, intoxications, medications. (for example, antipsychotics).

Mechanism of violation

Menstrual irregularities such as dysfunctional uterine bleeding during reproductive age are most often associated with the persistence of follicles in the ovaries and excess production of estrogens. Since ovulation does not occur and corpus luteum is not formed, a progesterone deficiency state is formed. As a result, absolute hyperestrogenism occurs. As a result, the time of endometrial proliferation and its intensity are prolonged. Eventually develop in the lining of the uterus hyperplastic processes(endometrial hyperplasia). During uterine bleeding, areas of hyperplastic endometrium with foci of necrosis are rejected, which is the result of vasodilation, thrombosis and internal hemorrhages.

Clinical picture

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding in the reproductive period is characterized by irregularity (acyclicity) and begins after a delay of menstruation from one and a half to six months. Bleeding is usually very intense and prolonged. As a result of such bleeding, a woman develops weakness, headaches, fatigue, and decreased arterial pressure and the heart rate increases. In addition, the patient develops anemia.

Diagnosis of menstrual cycle disorders

The diagnosis of dysfunctional uterine bleeding in reproductive age is not difficult. After a thorough collection of complaints and medical history, possible gynecological pathology(remains of fertilized egg, uterine fibroids, ectopic pregnancy And so on). Then a gynecological examination and diagnostic curettage are performed. uterine cavity under hysteroscopy control. Repeated hysteroscopy is performed five to six days after surgery. The role of pelvic ultrasound is no less important in the diagnosis of bleeding. . Ultrasound of the genital organs allows you to identify myomatous nodes, assess the thickness and structure of the endometrium, and identify foci of adenomyosis.

Menstruation- This is one of the periods of the menstrual cycle, which is an important aspect in the life of any woman. Most often, menstruation begins at 10-14 years of age, depending on individual characteristics woman's body significant role plays genetic predisposition. Over the next 30-40 years, the woman is accompanied by this process. During this time, 70% of women experience various types of menstrual cycle disruptions. Such violations can occur at any age; neither girls nor women are immune from this. Even with external similarities, the causes of such disorders and their symptoms are different.

The physiological changes that occur in the body with the onset of menstruation are a complex chain of interconnected processes. The changes occurring in the body indicate that children's body rearranges and the girl enters reproductive period. But this does not mean that she is ready to conceive a child. The onset of menstruation is only the first stage in the transformation of a girl into a woman. For complete transformation into female body Many processes must go through before he is ready to conceive and carry a pregnancy to term.

The length of the menstrual cycle is different for everyone, the most optimal period is 28 days. But deviation from this number of days a week will not be considered a violation. Therefore, 21-35 days are considered the norm. As a rule, by the age of 15 this period evens out, but sometimes regularity is established only after the first pregnancy. The duration of the course is controlled by hormones produced by the ovaries and pituitary gland. There are several hormones, but the most authoritative among them are FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), estradiol, LH and progesterones. Menstruation itself also takes place during different time, on average the whole process takes no more than 7 days. During this period, the woman loses 80-100 ml of blood.

The menstrual cycle consists of the following phases.

• First period called follicular. At this stage, follicles mature. But not all of them mature, only the dominant ones, the rest atrophy. This period lasts 1-3 weeks.
• Second period – ovulation. The membrane of the dominant follicle ruptures and the egg is released. From the ovary it moves to the uterus; if fertilization does not occur at this stage, the egg is destroyed.
• Third period– luteal. Takes 12-14 days. The remains of the follicle are transformed into the corpus luteum. Active production of progesterone and estrogens begins. This allows you to prepare the endometrial walls for a possible pregnancy. If conception does not take place, the body dissolves, the content of progesterone and estrogen decreases. As a result, the process of endometrial detachment begins.

The menstrual cycle does not always occur on time; periodically, a woman may experience menstrual cycle disorders (MCI).

What is NMC? NMC is any kind of deviation from the norm of the menstrual cycle.

There are certain signs NMC, by which any woman can guess about the problems that have arisen in the body:

• Scanty or excessively heavy periods. The norm is considered to be 80-100 ml per cycle; pads are changed four times in the first days. If a woman's periods pass too quickly and their volume is too small, this phenomenon is called menorrhagia. The disease may be a consequence of inflammatory processes caused by ovarian dysfunction and neoplasms in them. In adolescence, this phenomenon becomes a consequence of hormonal imbalance. The situation with too heavy periods (more than 150 ml per cycle) is called hypermenorrhea. Bleeding too much, requiring frequent changes of pads. This condition is fraught with anemia, fainting, and dizziness.
• Long periods- polymenorrhea, as a rule, this disease is paired with hypermenorrhea. The duration of menstruation in this case is more than a week.
• Too short period of menstruation– oligomenorrhea, menstruation lasts less than 3 days. Often combined with menorrhagia.
• Menstruation occurs with pronounced aching pain . Painful sensation as if it encircles the entire lower abdomen. This condition is called algodismenorrhea. In this case, the pain spreads to the lumbar region, sacrum and thigh. The condition appears in a woman on the eve of menstruation or in the first days. It is caused by contractions of the uterus. This is primary dysmenorrhea and is not considered a deviation. The secondary stage of this syndrome develops as a result of uterine fibroids, endometriosis and other severe pathologies.
• Irregular menstruation. If the interval between periods is longer than 40 days, this is a reason to think about it. This deviation is not normal. Sometimes the interval reaches six months. Often this disease is marked by abundant acne on the face and body, and libido decreases. All over the body - on the arms, stomach, legs - abundant vegetation appears - this disorder is associated with an increase in male hormones. This is a consequence of a malfunction of the endocrine system. The reason for this condition may be abortion or anorexia.
• Bleeding not associated with menstruation– metrorrhagia. The blood may appear in clots or slightly noticeable bleeding. Sometimes pain occurs, as during menstruation, but more often this state is asymptomatic. This phenomenon occurs in adolescents at the onset of menstruation or in women during menopause.
• Absence of menstruation for more than six months– amenorrhea. Most often, this condition occurs during pregnancy and breastfeeding, in this case it is a natural process. If there is neither one nor the other, and menstruation does not come for a long time, you need urgent consultation gynecologist. It is quite possible that the cause was a disease of the reproductive system. There is primary amenorrhea - if a girl has not had her period by the age of 15. Secondary amenorrhea occurs when a sexually mature woman suddenly stops menstruating for more than three months.
• Menstruation is regular, but the interval between them is too long - from 35 days. The main reason - hormonal disbalance or a genetic characteristic of an organism.

The main causes of NMC

NMC itself is not a disease, it is only a consequence of some disease, but symptoms violations can help correct diagnosis true disease. There may be several reasons for the same illness, so for proper treatment Consultation with a specialist is extremely important.

The reasons for the disruption of the menstrual cycle are very different - from psychosomatic to genetic feature the body of this particular woman. Often violations lie in ovarian disease and uterus.

• Polycystic– hormonal disorder of the ovaries, may be accompanied by enlargement of the ovaries, the appearance of fluid in them and an increase in estrogen levels.
• Adnexit– inflammation in fallopian tubes, V chronic form may lead to infertility.
• Fibroids – benign neoplasm in the uterus. May be the result of an unsuccessful abortion.
• Endometriosis– one of the most common diseases of women of reproductive age, characterized by the growth of the endometrium throughout the uterine mucosa.
• Anomalies development– most often are congenital.

The cause of malfunctions reproductive system may result from injuries and unsuccessful operations, in particular abortions. They play an important role general diseases organism - diabetes, diseases of the cardiac system, kidneys, liver and even oncology. But still most often problems with menstruation associated with external factors.

• Deficiency of vitamins and microelements entering the body. Against this background, the body switches to power saving mode, against which background duration of the menstrual cycle is significantly reduced.
• Physical overexertion.
• Overweight and obesity can also cause NMC.
• Stress and mental disorders.
• Changing climatic zones sometimes leads to menstrual irregularities.
• Prolonged hypothermia can cause serious disturbances in the functioning of the reproductive system, and overheating can cause no less harm.
• Radiation exposure is carried out at oncological treatment and can also cause NMC.
• Taking some medications can lead to NMC.

Often the cause of untimely menstruation is hormonal imbalances, most often they occur in teenagers. The body has not yet developed its own system of the menstrual cycle and often the periodicity of the cycle fluctuates in different directions. It is considered normal at this age to fluctuate within a radius of 20-40 days. The volume of blood and the duration of menstruation may vary from cycle to cycle. Not considered normal enough copious discharge, their duration is 3-7 days. But if every cycle ends too heavy menstruation- a reason to contact a gynecologist for advice. Most likely this is associated with a number of deviations in the girl’s health.

The most common disorders in teenage girls are:

Hypothalamic syndrome. This syndrome often becomes the culprit of improper hormonal development, it can serve reason for absence menstruation, cause serious disruption of cardio-vascular system, provoke metabolic disorders in a teenager, cause mental instability. Girls often experience increased fatigue, frequent headaches, and frequent mood swings.

Delayed puberty– a similar diagnosis is given to adolescents with weakly expressed or even unexpressed secondary sexual characteristics. They begin to appear during puberty - the appearance of rounded shapes, breast swelling, the appearance of pubic hair and the menstrual cycle. In terms of menstruation, it is most often noted scanty discharge, menstruation or not at all absent, or lasts only 2-3 days. The cause of NMC may be malnutrition as a result of an unbalanced diet. Excessive diet also does not lead to women's health. Excessive involvement in sports can lead to such a failure. Any load at this age should be balanced. Delayed sexual development may be hereditary. Sometimes such delays affect not only sexual development, but also affect the intellect and psyche, accompanied by bad memory, inattention, apathy.

Juvenile uterine bleeding – menstruation lasts too long, a week or longer. The cause of this disease lies in ovarian dysfunction, which results in increased production of estrogen. Most often, this symptom goes away by the age of 18. The biggest disadvantage of this condition is that the teenager’s fragile body loses a large volume of blood, which can result in anemia and vitamin deficiency, accompanied by a general loss of strength and health. Against this background, it is often observed headache, loss of appetite.

But if in adolescents the cause of NMC occurs due to instability of the menstrual cycle, then in women aged 45-50 years this is associated with the approach of menopause. The reason for these age-related changes is also a transformation of hormonal levels. Menopause is an inevitability that every woman will have to face sooner or later. With its onset, a woman loses her ability to reproduce. Changes in hormonal levels can occur with varying intensity. The body, entering the process of restructuring, can react differently to this vital cycle, including NMC.

The first thing the doctor does is interview the patient:

• date of last menstruation;
• cycle duration;
• the amount of bleeding also matters;
• How painful are periods and what symptoms are they accompanied by?
• patient's lifestyle;
• It is important to inform your gynecologist about the medications and dosages you are taking; this can help determine true reasons the patient feels unwell;
• patient's age;
• a psychological condition can also cause the disease, so you should report it to your doctor;
• it's important to know what alarming symptoms and when they occur in the patient;
• the number of pregnancies, abortions, births, miscarriages help in diagnosis;
• previous gynecological surgeries;
• working conditions – the patient is a physical or mental worker;
• knowledge of diseases in close relatives will also help in diagnosis;
• Dietary patterns can also help in making a diagnosis.

The doctor will not get by with just conversations; an obligatory part of the visit is an examination in a gynecological chair. At this moment, the gynecologist collects biomaterial for analysis. This will help identify existing sexually transmitted infections. For further diagnostics Causes of NMC may require additional procedures.

Since many diseases in gynecology are a consequence of hormonal imbalance, and NMC is no exception, a detailed study of the patient’s hormonal background will be required. Blood is drawn from a vein; to obtain a high-quality result, you need to pass the test according to all the rules. Many hormones should be taken on a certain day of the menstrual cycle.

Ultrasound results of organs pelvis and abdominal cavity will also provide an expanded picture of the patient’s health status. Analysis of urine, biochemical analysis blood, examination of the thyroid gland - only a complex of studies will help establish an accurate diagnosis gynecological character. Hysteroscopy will help obtain a layer-by-layer image of the pelvic organs. If necessary, a sample of the epidermis is taken from the uterus and obtained by curettage.

Treatment of NMC

Treatment of NMC directly depends on research results.

• Hormone therapy. It is often used to eliminate NMCs caused by a lack of a particular hormone. Treatment is carried out with drugs based on hormones produced by the ovaries or thyroid gland - it all depends on the test results. IN medicinal purposes Oral may be prescribed hormonal contraceptives. This is especially true when treating an unstable menstrual cycle.
• Painkillers and antispasmodics. This group of drugs is prescribed for painful periods.
• Hemostatic agents and uterotonics. This treatment spend too much heavy bleeding during menstruation. They are also prescribed for poor blood clotting. Aminocaproic acid contained in the drugs helps stop bleeding.
• Homeopathy and physiotherapy. Treatment often comes down to taking medications based on herbs and natural ingredients. The courses are complemented by a complex of physiotherapy procedures.
• Phytotherapy. To improve hormonal levels, eliminate pain during menstruation, heavy bleeding treating the doctor can formulate treatment based on herbs. Teas, infusions, douches based on tansy, shepherd's purse, elecampane, prutnyak, valerian will help eliminate many problems.
• Surgical intervention. Such treatment is highly undesirable for girls, but in the presence of neoplasms and pathologies of various origins it is required surgical intervention doctor For serious illnesses female organs partial removal may be required. To carry out these procedures, the patient goes to the department gynecology and is under close surveillance doctor before and after surgery.
• A course of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. This treatment is a specialist antenatal clinic prescribes upon detection of various types inflammatory diseases reproductive system. The complex in each case is selected according to the situation.

Comprehensive preventive measures will prevent some gynecological diseases. For this there are the following rules:

• Use only high-quality and proper products for food; vegetables and fruits are very healthy. They provide the body with a rich set of microelements, fiber and vitamins.
• It is important to avoid stressful situations and react to emerging situations without unnecessary emotions.
• Physical activity is important in every woman's life. A set of special exercises will prevent a number of gynecological problems. But you should understand that the load must be adequate, not exhaust the body, but train and harden. Excessive strength training can lead to an increase in the level of testosterone, the male hormone, which will inevitably affect menstruation.
• Excess weight means extra problems. Obesity often leads to disruptions in hormonal background, which should not be allowed.
• Under no circumstances should you use strict diets, especially during adolescence. The body loses vitality, which negatively affects the menstrual cycle.
• You should visit a gynecologist regularly. Even if a woman has no complaints and feels great, she should visit a doctor at least once every six months. There are a number of problems that initial stage developments do not cause any discomfort. But if a woman often experiences various types of NMCs, this should be done much more often.

The main sign of a normal menstrual cycle is regular menstruation - bloody issues from the genital tract. They occur every 21-35 days and last for 3-7 days.

How to recognize violations?

Everything is very simple and logical: if menstruation is normal, then everything is in order, if not, the menstrual cycle is disrupted. The most pronounced form of cycle disorders is amenorrhea: complete absence menstruation for more than six months. In addition, periods that are too scanty or, conversely, too heavy, as well as their irregularity (very frequent or rare) are considered suspicious. A woman should be wary of bleeding that lasts only 1-2 days or more than a week.

Causes

Menstrual irregularities are not a disease, but just a sign that some kind of malfunction has occurred in the functioning of the internal genital organs. The origins of cycle disorders are usually defects in the hormonal system. Moreover, it is not at all necessary that these defects relate specifically to sex hormones. The culprits could easily be hormones from the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and even the pituitary gland (an important part of the brain). There may be several reasons for such hormonal imbalances:

• constant stress or damage to the nervous system;
• infectious and non-communicable diseases internal genital organs;
• serious illnesses others internal organs and systems (liver, kidneys, lungs, blood);
• severe infectious diseases;
• hereditary predisposition;
• taking certain medications;
• sudden change of residence (for example, moving from Syktyvkar to Murmansk);
• radiation and poisoning;
• poor nutrition (weight loss or vitamin deficiency or, on the contrary, obesity).

At the same time, hygienic tampons, contrary to some misconceptions, do not have a negative effect on the menstrual cycle (although they can lead to other problems).

Why is it dangerous?

Sometimes for minor violation very serious diseases may occur during the menstrual cycle: ectopic pregnancy, benign and malignant tumors ovaries or uterus, tuberculosis, brain tumors.

Diagnostics

Having noticed that menstruation has suddenly become different from usual, a woman should immediately go to an appointment with a gynecologist. The sooner the cause of menstrual irregularities is found out, the better. First of all, the doctor will prescribe a study of the patient’s hormonal profile. It is also necessary to do an ultrasound to find out if there are diseases or damage to internal organs. Another necessary research- checking for infections: a regular vaginal smear or more complex PCR diagnostics. Depending on what the hormone analysis showed, the patient may need to consult an endocrinologist.

Treatment

A disrupted menstrual cycle must be made normal. In this case, it is not the cycle disorder itself that is treated, but the causes that led to it are removed:

• infectious and inflammatory processes treated with special tablets and physiotherapy;
• at initial hormonal disorders hormone therapy is prescribed;
• in case of tumors, surgery may be required;
• Physical exercise, a balanced diet, and vitamins will help support a weakened body.